<p>The Rocks Guesthouse is a heritage-listed detached house at 20 Cleveland Terrace, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 10 April 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Rocks Guesthouse was constructed -1900 as a private residence, on land held by Elizabeth Hamilton, wife of pastoralist and prominent publican Frederic Hamilton. Built as an investment, the house was leased to middle class tenants. In 1909 Dr Ernest Humphrey converted it into a private hospital, which it remained until a further conversion in the mid-1930s into a guesthouse. The Rocks continued as "gents only" accommodation throughout World War Two, during which it was made safe with the addition of an above-ground air raid shelter. While it has changed hands several times since, it has remained a guesthouse.</p><br>
<p>The Rocks Guesthouse, is situated in the former grounds of John Melton Black&#39;s residence (since demolished), one of the first houses built in Townsville. JM Black arrived in Cleveland Bay in 1864, where he established at Ross Creek a small port to service the inland pastoral run he had taken up in partnership with Robert Towns. Townsville, as it became known, rapidly became one of the most successful ports in north Queensland. By late 1866 it was described as a thriving seaport with considerable trade and commerce facilities such as banks, hotels, stores, businesses and a post office, servicing the burgeoning pastoral properties in the Burdekin and North Kennedy districts. In the 1870s mining to the west provided a major impetus for the rapid growth of Townsville. As sugar growers moved into the coastal plains, a large fleet of vessels, providing export facilities for the sugar industry, was established at Townsville.</p><br>
<p>In 1882 the Great Northern railway to Charters Towers was opened, with an extension to Ravenswood in 1884. The telegraph line from Townsville to Charters Towers was completed in July 1883 and the first telephone exchange was opened at Townsville during November 1883. By 1900, the economy of the city was soundly based on the mining, pastoral, sugar and transport industries.</p><br>
<p>About 1864 JM Black had erected his private residence on a prominent hill overlooking the emerging port. In these establishment years Black controlled the affairs of Townsville and when the town became a municipality in early 1866 he was elected as the first Mayor. A year later he resigned and left for Scotland to take up business affairs associated with an inheritance.</p><br>
<p>Title to his Melton Hill property (allotment 5 of section 3A, containing 6 acres), was held jointly by Towns and Black, but was transferred to Robert Towns in 1867 following Blacks departure. In 1870 title was transferred to Shepherd Smith of Sydney, Manager of the Bank of New South Wales. Three years later Smith sub-divided the land into 24 lots. The site containing Blacks former house and remaining grounds was situated on subdivisions 5-7 of allotment 5 of section 3a.</p><br>
<p>The Melton Hill subdivisions attracted the business elite of Townsville. On 25 August 1877, well known squatter, wool provedore, businessman and separationist, Enoch Price Walter Hays, purchased Blacks former house and remaining grounds. He leased the house to bank manager H Echlin, until the end of 1884. One year later Hays and his wife moved into Blacks former house and they continued to reside there until Hays&#39; death in 1893. Mrs Hays remained here until the property was transferred in 1895 to Elizabeth Hamilton, wife of Frederick Hamilton, pastoralist and publican.</p><br>
<p>The Hamiltons resided nearly diagonally opposite Mrs Hays, and acquired at least two other properties on Melton Hill in Elizabeth Hamilton&#39;s name, and on which they erected investment houses. During the time that the Hamilton family owned the former JM Black residence, it was leased to middle-class tenants.</p><br>
<p>A second house (later "The Rocks Guesthouse") was constructed in the grounds of JM Black&#39;s former residence between and 1900., It was a combined gabled and hipped roof structure consisting of four to five rooms with a central hallway, front verandah covered by a curved corrugated iron awning and a skillion verandah at the rear. The rooms were large and airy with 13 ft 6in high ceilings, picture rails, timber fretwork ceiling roses and interior partitions of tongue-in-groove boards. The main drawing room had a large bay window framed by an arch. The windows were large double-hung timber sashes with two panes per sash. A brick wall along the laneway was also constructed at this time and consists of bricks of similar make and type to the piers of the house. The new house was leased first to George Frazer, manager of the shipping firm Howard Smith and Sons, for two years and then to William Montgomerie.</p><br>
<p>In 1903 Townsville was hit by Cyclone Leonta, which caused damage to most of the houses on Melton Hill, including the complete destruction of the residence of long term Townsville medical practitioner, Dr Ernest Humphrey.</p><br>
<p>In 1905 Elizabeth Hamilton died and the property containing Black&#39;s former house and the 1897-1900 residence was transferred to Frederic Hamilton. A year later Hamilton sold the whole of the property (both houses) to Dr Ernest Humphrey and his wife, who moved into the residence and continued to let the new house to Montgomerie, who remained there until 1909.</p><br>
<p>In late 1909 Dr Humphrey converted the -1900 residence into a private hospital. Alterations included substantial additions. A corridor led to new rooms at the rear of the building, which included a kitchen, common bathroom and laundry, sterilizing room, operating room and servants&#39; quarters. The operating room and sterilizing room were adjoining and were accessed from the house but the operating room was also accessible externally. This room had three ceiling window lights to allow natural light for operations, Inside, fixed timber vents were situated on the lower third of the room on two sides and closable timber vents were located on the upper level. The lower vents were needed to dissipate the heavy ether used in operations. The front entrance to the hospital was accessed from imposing rendered brick stairs.</p><br>
<p>The plans for the hospital conversion were approved in August and work was complete by November 1909. Miss I Campbell, Matron of the Townsville General Hospital, was employed to manage the hospital, which was called "The Rocks Private Hospital." It was a modern and well-equipped hospital with a staff of one matron and seven nurses and aides. The nurses were housed in a building constructed at the rear of the block along Herbert Street. This burnt down in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>After 15 years operating his hospital and 30 years practicing medicine in Townsville, Dr Humphrey unexpectedly died on 16 September 1925 during a sea voyage south. Mrs Humphrey continued to reside in the family home (the former Black house) until at least 1938, but title to the whole of the Melton Hill property passed to their son Jack on Dr Humphreys death. In 1926 Jack had subdivisions 5, 6 and 7 re-surveyed to clarify the unusual angle of the allotments resulting from JM Blacks former house being built prior to the 1873 subdivisional survey. Notings on the 1926 survey plan indicate a "wood building" and "brick wall" on the hospital site.</p><br>
<p>It appears that The Rocks continued to operate as a private hospital, managed by Matron M Williams, into the mid-1930s, despite title to the hospital site being transferred in 1929 from Jack Humphrey to Walter Bartlett Chapman.</p><br>
<p>In 1934 the property was transferred to Frank Edward Payne, who converted it into a boarding house. The conversion may have reflected the impact of the Hospitals Act of 1923, which introduced a system of partly government-funded district hospitals, transforming public hospitals from charitable institutions for the poor to essential community services and a government responsibility. This system was enhanced under the Hospitals Act of 1936 and from 1 January 1946 access to public hospital treatment was made free for all Queenslanders. Between 1920 and 1940 the number of beds in Queensland&#39;s public hospitals rose from 3,700 to 7,606, increasing at a greater rate than population growth. In addition, the government- run hospitals tended to be better equipped than the small local private hospitals.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s the rooms in The Rocks Private Hospital were converted into guestrooms and are still used as such. The previously spacious recovery rooms were divided by 8 ft high timber partitions while in other areas internal walls were removed. The western side of the house was extended with four new bedrooms under a skillion roof. As a large, airy and ornate building with panoramic views of Cleveland Bay and Townsville, it quickly became popular with affluent holiday-makers and visiting professionals. Utilising the former name, Payne advertised the place under the name "The Rocks Guest House". By 1939 a male clientele was targeted, offering services such as free lunch and a taxi service.</p><br>
<p>The Rocks Guest House continued to advertise throughout World War Two and while little information regarding the use of the building at this period survives, anecdotal evidence suggests that it may have been used as a convalescent home for returning servicemen. An above ground air-raid shelter was constructed at the rear of the house during the war.</p><br>
<p>In 1962 George and Sophie Gray purchased The Rocks Guest House. A world champion billiardist, George Gray had been a master cue-man during the 1920s. In 1936 Gray retired with his family to Townsville, running a billiard hall in Flinders Street. A large billiard table was the focal point of The Rocks during the 1960s, which continued to operate as a boarding house for young men. After this period the property deteriorated and functioned as budget lodging.</p><br>
<p>An August 1966 plan detailing proposed alterations to the boarding house indicated that by that date a separate wooden structure had been erected toward the rear of the allotment. It consisted of four rooms plus a verandah built against the drystone wall of Herbert Street. This building was largely destroyed by fire in June 1977 and what remained was demolished in August that year.</p><br>
<p>The Rocks Guesthouse changed hands in 1995 and extensive renovations were made. Partitions to the front rooms introduced as in the 1930s were removed and the large decorative arch, which announced the bay window, was reinstated as a key element to the main drawing room. Electrical re-wiring was undertaken and repairs were carried out to walls, floors and ceilings damaged by water and termite infestation. During the renovations one of the walls introduced in the 1909 additions was removed. Other elements were either revealed or rediscovered by the removal of introduced cladding, including original timber ceiling roses and stairs of brick rendered in stucco, left in situ under the extended front verandah.</p><br>
<p>The ornate fretwork under the gable was restored as well as the gable finial and painted property sign. A new verandah balustrade was installed and the curved brick wall at the front of the property was reconstructed.</p><br>
<p>In 1996 The Rocks was reopened as up-market Bed & Breakfast accommodation. During the course of renovations made in 1997, a concrete pit or bunker was discovered beneath the floorboards. It was concealed in one of the bedrooms, accessible by a small timber hatch in the bedroom floor. Its original use or date of construction is unknown.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the Rocks is a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Rocks Guesthouse is situated high on Melton Hill at 20 Cleveland Terrace, with panoramic views of the Coral Sea, Magnetic Island and Cleveland Bay. It is accessed from Cleveland Terrace. There is an unnamed laneway on the eastern side of the property and Herbert Street flanks the southern boundary. The place is an asymmetrical timber structure with readily discernable stages of metamorphous from private residence to hospital and later to guesthouse.</p><br>
<p>The Rocks Guesthouse consists of a combination of gabled and hipped roof structures, each timber framed and timber clad, with roofs of corrugated iron.</p><br>
<p>The original portion of the house has a hipped roof with a projecting front gable and a half front verandah with a curved iron roof. A verandah has been added at an early date in front of the projecting gable and continuing around the eastern side of the house overlooking the adjacent laneway. A further skillion-roofed addition to the original front verandah extends over early brick and rendered stucco stairs, which remain in situ under the boards. The verandahs have a recent dowelling balustrade between timber columns, which have decorative timber brackets. The handrail is an angular shape. Flooring to the verandahs is of 4in wide hardwood.</p><br>
<p>Modern replica work includes the fretwork under the gable, the gable finial and the property name sign. The large front entrance door is early as are the door fittings.</p><br>
<p>The exterior walls of the original house are exposed stud frame lined internally with 8in deep chamfer boards. The piers for the original house are of brick (commons) similar to the ones used to construct the side wall. The piers (13?in x 13?in) are supporting bearers and in turn are supported by a layer of small rocks in a mud mixture. The brick piers extend partway to the middle of the house; beyond this, concrete piers are continued to the end of the operating theatre.</p><br>
<p>Internally the rooms of the original house have 13 ft 6in high ceilings, picture rails, timber fretwork ceiling roses and timber partitioning in 5in wide tongue-and-groove boards. The main drawing room has a large bay window framed by an arch. The windows are large double-hung timber sashes with two panes per sash. While the side windows have long been removed and replaced by French windows and fanlights, evidence of their existence remains behind the door-jambs on the verandah, above the fan light and from the part removal of diagonal bracing. Original timber ceiling roses have been uncovered throughout the house and replicas have replaced those that were missing. Electric fans have been installed in some of the rooms and wired up through the ceiling roses. Above the internal doors are decorative timber fretwork panels. The pattern is very similar to the fretwork in Osler House and similar to fretwork attributed to Benjamin Toll that is found also in Charters Towers. Floors throughout are 6in wide hoop pine.</p><br>
<p>The principal additions associated with the conversion of the residence into a hospital in 1909, including a former operating theatre, staff quarters and kitchen, are largely confined to the rear of the residence. Of particular note is an attached hipped roof structure, which formerly contained an operating room and sterilizing room. The former operating room (now a guestroom) is still accessible from outside. This room has three lights in the roof, covered with corrugated iron. Fixed timber vents are located on the lower third of the room on two sides and closable timber vents are located on the upper level. There is an ornate ceiling rose of pressed metal.</p><br>
<p>The remainder of the rear rooms have been converted into guest rooms and some doors have been in-filled. Some of the smaller rooms have been converted into en-suites to service adjoining rooms. In the roof space above the hall in the rear section, is a large early water tank.</p><br>
<p>Four rooms constructed on the western side of the house in the 1930s have been converted into two rooms, en-suite and porch area. These rooms are under a skillion roof and the entrance porch is concealed behind timber lattice.</p><br>
<p>An above ground air-raid shelter constructed during World War Two is located at the back of the house and is currently used as a guest room. It has a modern en-suite added to the room. There is a concrete pit or bunker under the western side of the house, accessible via a small timber hatch in the floor of one of the 1930s rooms. It measures 2.7m long by 1.2m wide and is 1.5m high. It has two large vent pipes inserted in the concrete ceiling, which emerge in the space between the top of the concrete structure and the floorboards of the house.</p><br>
<p>There is a timber and iron garage in the back yard, next to the former operating theatre, which is a later addition.</p><br>
<h3>Gardens</h3><br>
<p>The Rocks Guesthouse occupies most of the 811m allotment with two small landscaped garden areas at the front of the house and along the eastern side, dominated by a meandering brick pavement. At the rear of the house the garden is less defined and there is a paved car parking area. Two of the three flora identified in the 1997 Melton Hill Workshop Report as significant, remain. The frangipani (Plumeria) in particular, located on the eastern side of the house, has grown into a sizable and noteworthy tree as has the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) that is located on the front western side to the building.</p><br>
<h3>Stone and Brick Wall</h3><br>
<p>The front of the property has a very impressive entrance stairway and rock wall, which was built in either the first or second stage of construction ( or 1909). The return section of the stairs leading up to the house survives under the present verandah. The front stone wall joins onto the side brick wall which curves around the corner of the property and is situated over the boundary line on an unnamed laneway which runs between Herbert Street and Cleveland Terrace. The brick wall and the stone wall are noted in the 1926 and later surveys. The bright red bricks are laid in a variation of Flemish bond and indicate signs of early brick making techniques with characteristic folding of the pug, lack of consistency in sizing and imperfections. The rendered capping course is painted white.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Rocks Guesthouse was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 10 April 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Rocks Guesthouse, constructed -1900 as a private residence and converted in 1909 into a private hospital, is important in demonstrating part of the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, in particular the construction of middle-class urban housing in areas with desirable amenity values; and the establishment of private hospitals in urban centres in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.A concrete air-raid shelter in the back yard remains as evidence of the impact of World War Two on the civilian population of Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Rocks Guesthouse demonstrates rare surviving evidence of early 20th century private hospitals in Queensland, which are no longer common. The former operating room in particular is now rare in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Rocks Guesthouse is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a late 19th-century middle-class North Queensland timber residence converted into a private hospital in the early 20th century: The core includes spacious, high-ceilinged rooms; a large bay window to the principal public room; and decorative elements such as fretwork ceiling vents. Its grounds retain an early brick and stone retaining wall and front garden stairs. At the rear of the original house the former operating room remains substantially intact and is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its type, including the need for adequate light and ventilation, demonstrated in the low fixed louvre vents, upper level movable louvres, overhead skylights and both internal and external entry.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Rocks Guesthouse makes an important aesthetic contribution to the Melton Hill historical precinct. Situated in Cleveland Terrace between St James Cathedral and Synod Hall at one end and the remnants of JM Black&#39;s Drystone Wall on the other, it forms part of a notable group of elite residences, including Selhurst and Warringa.</p><br>
<p>Saints Theodores Greek Orthodox Church is a heritage-listed church at 799 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by M. Vogiatzoglou and Joseph Gabriel Rooney, and built from 1947 to 1950 by Vause and Hayne. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 August 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The foundation stone of Townsville&#39;s Saints Theodores Greek Orthodox Church was laid on 16 March 1947. In June 1950 this Church was officially opened and dedicated, though religious practice had commenced from 1948 while the building was still being completed. It is named after three saints called Theodore.</p><br>
<p>Some of the earliest Greek migrants to Australia arrived in the 1850s. Many of these were sailors or deckhands who jumped ship after arriving aboard sailing vessels at the various Australian port cities. In the Australian Colonies these early Greeks found employment generally in mining, seamen aboard coastal shipping, or as wharf labourers.</p><br>
<p>In Queensland little evidence exists to a Greek presence during the greater part of the 19th century, but the first Greek to this Colony to be naturalised was Christopher Arsenios in 1868. Arsenios was a Greek Orthodox Priest who heralded from Corfu, who settled in Clermont.</p><br>
<p>The first real wave of Greek migration to Australia did not take place until the early part of the 20th century, in the years leading up to the commencement of World War I. By the turn of the 20th century the numbers of Greeks in Australia was insignificant. Even in the major cities such as Sydney and Melbourne, Greeks only composed a very small group. By 1915 though, some 1000 Greeks were estimated as residing in Sydney alone, and in Queensland 400, with fifty in Brisbane. In Queensland evidence suggests that the major place of origin of these Greek migrants by 1915 was from Kythira.</p><br>
<p>One of the main reasons for these Greek arrivals in Australia was the political unrest at home in the period prior to World War I, as it was to occur again in the 1920s. The Balkan Wars took place during 1912 and 1913, involving Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Turkey. In order to escape the effects of this conflict many Greeks left Macedonia and other northern regions and came to places such as Australia.</p><br>
<p>The first decade of the 20th century was a turbulent period in Greek politics, Greece being constantly in conflict with Bulgaria and Turkey over Macedonia and Crete. This factor gave a spur to Greek migration overseas. Most of the migrants went to North America but some came to Australia. The small number who had come to these shores in the nineteenth century had no doubt sent word back of possibilities in this country and their compatriots were now following them.</p><br>
<p>After the end of World War I, another spur to Greek migration was a subsequent war between Greece and Turkey over Smyrna that broke out during 1921–1922. As a destination for Greek migrants, Australia was to become an even more obvious choice from 1924, due to the United States of America instituted a severe quota limit on migration into that country. The subsequent Greek arrivals in places such as Queensland accelerated the proliferation of Greek cafes and other eating places in Brisbane and the country. The new arrivals found that the path to success had already been carved out by the pioneers of the first two decades. One history of Greek migration to Queensland surmised:"The period from 1915 to the Second World War marks the expansion of the Greek Community throughout... and its growing organisation. Not only does the Greek population in Brisbane undergo a sharp increase but there is a building up of significant Greek settlements in all the provincial cities and the appearance of al least one Greek family in almost every small town in the State. This is the period when the Greek cafe, with its aproned proprietor and culinary aromas, became one of the focal points of town life. If the town could not support a Greek cafe, it was still in its infancy! Everywhere, there sprang up Busy Bee Cafes, and Blue Bird Cafes, and Paragon Cafes, and Majestic Cafes and Bellevue Cafes!"In Queensland prior to World War I, one of the few significant regional Greek communities that came into existence was at Innisfail. This community commenced in about 1910, with its Greek residents becoming either shopkeepers or labourers. Other canefield communities with a Greek presence at this time were also Gordonvale and Ingham.</p><br>
<p>In Townsville, Greeks began to arrive and settle in this locale in approximately 1916. Amongst the first arrivals recorded were Spyros and Vasilios Makris, Raftopoulos, Maltepes, John and Dimitrios Hondros and Nicholas and George Voyatzis. Though these early Townsville Greeks did not establish a formal Greek Community until the 1940s, they nonetheless periodically organised social, cultural and religious activities in celebration of their Greek origins. To meet the interim religious needs of this developing Townsville Greek community, a visiting priest from Innisfail conducted services in St James&#39; Cathedral, as did Metropolitan of Australia Timotheos Evangelinidis when visiting this community. Metropolitan Timotheos was also to be instrumental in establishing the Greek Community in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>In Brisbane the growing Greek community in the years prior to World War I made the first attempt to organise a community organisation with the formation of the Greek Association of Queensland in 1913. This Association had its headquarters in Adelaide Street, Brisbane, where members ran a coffee shop and discussion group, though little other information is known about it. As the Greek population grew further, so did the need for a Greek community centre to be instituted to cater for the community&#39;s social, religious and cultural needs. At a general meeting of the Association of Greeks in Queensland in 1921, the creation of a community centre was realised and the Greek Community of Queensland was formed. This meeting resolved that a proprietary company be established so that the purchase and management of a suitable property could be undertaken. Shortly after this company was able to purchase a building in Charlotte Street, Brisbane, which served as the Greek Community Centre until the 1970s. Before long, Hellenic House, as the building was named, became a household word throughout the Greek Community of Queensland, a Greek oasis, a place where a Greek could freely speak his language and not offend anyone.</p><br>
<p>The newly established Greek Community of Queensland in 1922 soon had their own permanent priest, Father Maravelis, and a Greek School was also instituted. Regular Greek Orthodox services were held in the Church of England Churches of St Thomas in South Brisbane, and St Lukes in Charlotte Street, Brisbane. The first Greek priest ordained in Brisbane was Elias Kotiathis in 1927, who succeeded Father Maravelis. The Brisbane Greek community was to truly come of age in 1929 with the opening of the first Greek Orthodox Church in Queensland, St Georges in Charlotte Street. The building set the seal on the work of the early pioneers and for a generation remained a centre of religious life for Queensland&#39;s Greeks.</p><br>
<p>By the 1930s the Greek community in Brisbane developed further with the formation of the Kytherian Association in 1935, and a Greek newspaper, The Queensland Messenger, albeit short-lived, was launched in 1931. Outside of Brisbane in Biloela, where a large settlement of Rhodian cotton workers had established themselves, a Rhodian Fellowship was set up in 1931. While the second Greek Orthodox Church in Queensland was erected in Innisfail in 1935. This Church came as a result of the efforts of the local community who had already formed a Greek Brotherhood, which was renamed The Greek Orthodox Community of Innisfail and North Queensland in 1934. The Greek community of Queensland was also fortunate to have the services of a very active honorary consul residing in Brisbane, Christy Freeleagus. Freeleagus was appointed in 1919 and was to exert a major influence in the affairs of the Greek community of Queensland until his death in 1957.</p><br>
<p>During one of the visits of Archbishop Timothios to Townsville in April 1944, one Greek resident, Thedoros Calagatis, offered His Grace £1000 for the purpose of building a Greek Church in Townsville. As a result, Archbishop Timothios called a general meeting of all Townsville Greeks on Sunday 4 May 1944 to be held at the Cafe Beautiful. Approximately 65 people attended this meeting in which Archbishop Timothios was president, the chairman was Mr S. Nennas, and Mr George Keyatta, M.L.A., also presided:The meeting ended at 1.30 a.m. and nearly &pound;3,000 was collected. The object of the collection was to establish and maintain faithfully and irrevocably the Dogma, the Holy Canons and conform to the immemorial usage of the Greek Orthodox church; to build and maintain a sacred church for public worship in the name of Saint Theodores; to establish a Greek school for the teaching of the Greek language and promote religious and moral education; to promote good-will and co-operation between members of the community and to ensure loyalty to the laws of this country and to promote good fellowship between our Australian citizens. The trustees of this fund being His Grace Archbishop Timothios of Australia and New Zealand, The Consul General for Greece, Mr. Freeleagus, and George Keyatta, M.L.A. The money collected was deposited in the Bank of Australasia on account of the Greek Orthodox Church and School Building Fund.</p><br>
<p>In approximately March 1945, a committee was elected at a general meeting with the power to acquire property and maintain the objects of the Greek Community of Townsville. This also included the commitment to build a church, priest&#39;s residence, and a community hall. Shortly afterwards a start was made to build a Greek Orthodox Church in Townsville when the granite foundation stone was laid in a ceremony performed by Archbishop Timothios, and attended by the Honorary Greek Consul Mr C. Freeleagus, on 16 March 1947.</p><br>
<p>Also present was Mr A Stratigos, special envoy from Greece and Vice-President for the Greek-Australian Soldiers League who six months earlier brought to Australia an urn containing earth from Australian soldiers graves in Greece. By doing this, a 2600-year tradition was broken by which it was forbidden to send Greek soil to another country. This tradition was broken as a mark of admiration and esteem which the Greek Government holds towards Australia in sending men to help in the defence of Greek territory. The soil was presented to the then Prime Minister of Australia Mr Ben Chifley.</p><br>
<p>The foundation Committee members responsible for the commencement of this church and the laying of the foundation stone were:"Mr Theodoros Kalafatis, Great Benefactor and Honorary Chairman; Mr Michael Leondarakis, President; Mr Emmanuel Atherinos, Vice President; Mr John Manikaros, Secretary; Mr Spyridon Theo Nennas, Treasurer; Mr Charlie Marendy; Mr George Kyriakakis; Mr Emmanuel Barboutis; Mr Michael N. Bogiatzis, Members."Townsville&#39;s Saints Theodores Church, the third Greek Orthodox Church built in Queensland, was designed by M. Vogiatzoglou. The architect for the project was J.G. Rooney, and the builders were Vause and Hayne. The local Townsville firm of Gelling & Haig, a business which operated in Flinders Street (1931–1974), made the steelwork used in the construction of this Church.</p><br>
<p>One history of Townsville produced several years after the official opening and dedication of Saints Theodores, describes the internal religious decoration and splendour that is visible within this Church:"The interior of the church follows the Byzantine style of architecture; in the congregation&#39;s section, graceful rounded columns merge into picturesque arches to support a choir gallery; from this again rise columns and arches which combine to produce a quintessence of reverend and artistic atmosphere. The portion of the church allotted to the altar rises straight to the domed roof in most effective fashion. The stranger, walking towards the altar, automatically sweeps the eyes upwards to the dome, and the effect there is startling and a trifle awe-inspiring-on the ceiling looms a painting of the Christ, hands raised in benediction and gazing straight downwards."The religious icons painted on the plaster of the dome were undertaken by artist Angelo Manolios, who was specially brought from Greece (from the Island of Lesvos) for the purpose. Manolios carried out this task over twelve months, lying on his back on scaffolding specially raised for the purpose. His outstanding work all across and around the altar depicts the teachings of the Orthodox Church.</p><br>
<p>The first services held in Saints Theodores Church took place eleven months after the foundation stone ceremony (February 1948) while the Church was still under construction. The first parish priest was Father George Kateris who served Townsville&#39;s Greek community during 1946 to 1953. The first wedding to take place in this Church occurred on 19 September 1948 between Luke and Despo Lucas.</p><br>
<p>Saints Theodores Church was officially opened and dedicated by Metropolitan Theophylactos Papathanasopoulos in June 1950. Four decades later, on Sunday 17 June 1990, Townsville&#39;s Greek Community celebrated the 40th anniversary of the official opening and dedication of their Church.</p><br>
<p>On Sunday 30 March 1997, parishioners and guests of the Greek Orthodox Parish and Community of Saints Theodores Townsville celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Laying of the Foundation Stone of the Church. A service, followed by an Anniversary Dinner Dance was celebrated by parishioners in the presence of His Eminence Stylianos Harkianakis, Primate of the Greek Orthodox Church in Australia, the Consul General of Greece, the Consul General of Cyprus, as well as local, state and federal government representatives. One of the numerous congratulatory messages received at this time was from Mary Kalantzis, Professor of Education at the James Cook University, who summed up the importance of this Church to the local Greek Community:The Church is a testimony to the important role the Greek Community has played in this region. It has now stood for half a century, an impressive reminder to all that the Greek Community is a part of the history of economic and social development in Northern Australia. It is also living evidence that loyal, contributing Australians can express faith in many different ways and can hold dear different cultural traditions.Throughout its existence, Townsvilles Saints Theodores Church has also been (and still continues to be) the central focus of activities contributing to the social and cultural aspects and well-being of Townsvilles Greek Community. This includes the provision and fostering of an Ethnic Greek School, Greek Dancing School, Hellenic Youth Association, Greek Ladies&#39; Auxiliary, Hellenic Senior Citizens, a Greek Orthodox Church Playgroup, and Debutante Balls through the Saints Theodores Parish of Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The local Greek Community, as do many visitors, maintain that Townsville&#39;s Saints Theodores Church is the most beautiful Greek Orthodox Church in Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Saints Theodores Greek Orthodox Church fronts onto 654 Sturt Street, Townsville.</p><br>
<p>This Church is a red brick building with a centrally located tower above the main entrance to Sturt Street.</p><br>
<p>The roof of the tower and the dome above the altar are painted white, as are the window frames on the upper section of the tower.</p><br>
<p>The Churchs interior comprises the congregations section, with a choir gallery above.</p><br>
<p>The altar and side walls comprise a series of Greek Orthodox religious paintings and icons. Above the altar is a dome which depicts Christ with outstretched hands, as well as containing representations of the Apostles.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Saints Theodores Greek Orthodox Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 August 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Saints Theodores Greek Orthodox Church is important in demonstrating the pattern of Greek migration and settlement in Queensland, and the role of the Townsville Greek Community in meeting the needs of their Orthodox parishioners.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Saints Theodores Church demonstrates rare external and internal architecture and decoration associated with Greek Orthodox religious practice and traditions in a Queensland (or Australian) context.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>This Church also exhibits particular aesthetic characteristics contributing to the streetscape of Sturt Street, Townsville, valued not only by the local Greek Orthodox parishioners, but also the Townsville and broader Queensland community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>This place has a special association with the important Greek migrant community to Queensland that developed during the 19th and 20th centuries, and now continues into the present 21st century.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>In particular this Church stands testament to the strong sense of identity and cooperation exhibited by the Greek Community of Townsville from its formation in the 1940s to the present.</p><br>
<p>Union Hall is the town hall of Searsport, Maine. It is located at 3 Reservoir Street in the town center. Built in 1863, it is a remarkably sophisticated example of Italianate architecture for a relatively small taown, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 for its architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Union Hall is located in the village center of Searsport, on the east side of Reservoir Street a short way north of United States Route 1. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboard siding. The ground floor is relatively low, housing town offices, while the upper level is tall, housing the auditorium space. The building has quoined corners, bracketed eaves, and entrances on the short ends that are flanked by pilasters. Ground floor windows are rectangular sash, while the upper floor windows are mainly very tall round-arch windows. On the ends there are paired segmented-arch windows in the gables. The building originally had a cupola. Its interior has modest but high quality woodwork, most of it original.</p><br>
<p>The hall was designed by Portland architect George M. Harding, and was built in 1863, at the height of the American Civil War. It is one of Maine&#39;s more imposing small-town town halls. In addition to the loss of the cupola, other minor alterations include the loss of a balcony on one end, and the provision of a fire escape door on the western end.</p><br>
<p>The Williams River Route 5 Bridge is a historic Warren deck truss bridge, carrying USA Route 5  across the Williams River in Rockingham, Vermont. Built in 1929 and rebuilt in 1971-72, it is one of four bridges of this type and vintage in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Williams River Bridge is located in central eastern Rockingham, not far above the mouth of the Williams River, where it empties into the Connecticut River. The bridge has a total length of about 250 ft, consisting of a 137 ft main span and approach spans of 56 ft and 24 ft. The main span is a Warren deck truss, mounted on concrete abutments, with an I-beam sub-floor and concrete road bed set on top of the truss structure. The approaches are supported by I-section plate girders.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1929, one of many bridges built in the wake of flooding that devastated Vermont in 1927. It is one of only four Warren deck trusses built at the time, serving on what was one of the state&#39;s major travel arteries prior to the construction of Interstate 91. These trusses were typically used by the state on some its longest spans, and sites where the clearance below allowed for the truss placement. The state standardized on these types of trusses during the 1928-30 construction period, and continues to use them for new bridge construction.</p><br>
<p>Chutixtiox  is an archaeological site of the ancient Maya civilization near Sacapulas, in the Quiché department of modern Guatemala. The site was excavated during the 20th century by A. Ledyard Smith. Ceramic evidence excavated at the site suggests a close relationship with the Kiche capital of Qumarkaj. Chutixtiox may have been a settlement in a polity that included the nearby sites of Chutinamit and Xolpacol.</p><br>
<p>The site has been dated to the Late Postclassic period and shows two distinct architectural phases, with the late phase demonstrating close similarity to the central Kiche region around Qumarkaj. This matches ethnohistoric documents that describe an early 15th-century conquest of the region by the central Kiche&#39;. The site has been identified as the settlement of the Kumatz group, described as migrating to the area in the Popul Vuh.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The site is located on a high ridge in an area later dominated by the Kiche Maya. The ridge overlooks an agricultural valley of the Río Negro. The site was heavily fortified and may have been a settlement of the Postclassic Kiche, used to control the valley. The site is surrounded on three sides by sheer cliffs dropping over 100 m down to the river. On the fourth side it connects to a 1.5 km long ridge via a narrow neck of land just 5 m wide. Although the site dominates the fertile floodplains below, the site itself is arid; the vegetation consists of thorny acacias and cacti.</p><br>
<h2>Settlement context</h2><br>
<p>Ceramic evidence dates the site to the Late Postclassic (c. 1200–1524 AD). A significant amount of Early Phase ceramics were recovered (c. 1200–1350), but the majority of ceramics dated to the Late Phase (c. 1350–1524) and these demonstrated strong similarities with contemporary ceramics from Qumarkaj, suggesting close links between the two sites during this phase. Site architecture is also closely related to architecture at the Kiche capital, with west-facing temples, similar layout of flanking structures, a defensive ditch at the entrance, and the plaza floor coated with plaster. There are also important differences to the typical Kiche settlement pattern as represented at the capital; the ballcourt is not oriented east-west, the architecture is mounted upon an acropolis with a steep defensive wall, and the main temple was radial. Investigator John Fox suggested that the differences may represent the Early Phase settlement pattern, before the site came under the influence of the central Kiche region, and the similarities being the result of the later close relation with Qumarkaj.</p><br>
<p>The Kiche epic Popul Vuh describes four groups that settled around Sacapulas; these were the Lamakib, the Kumatz, the Tuhal Haa, and the Uchaba Haa. Kumatz is now associated with the north side of the river, and Chutixtiox may have been Kumatz. The early colonial indigenous Annals of the Kaqchikels and the Título Xpantzay II both relate that Kumatz was conquered by the central Kiche in the early 15th century AD. These ethnohistoric documents closely match the strong central Kiche&#39; influence evidenced in the archaeology of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>The earliest archaeological exploration of Chutixtiox was undertaken by A. Ledyard Smith in 1955. The site covers approximately 2 hectare and contains about 30 structures, with approximately half of these grouped around the main plaza.</p><br>
<h3>Defences</h3><br>
<p>Chutixtiox occupies a highly defensible location, with a defensive wall and additional protection provided by surrounding cliffs. In two places where the drop to the river is not sheer, the natural slope has been fortified. A gentler slope westwards to the river, on the north side of the site, was reinforced with a 4 m high wall running down from the hilltop to the river bank. On the northeast side the slope down to the river is naturally steep, but the top 3 to 4 m was cut away to present a vertical drop. Chutixtiox had a single entrance on the northwest side, close to the upper end of the defensive wall. A defensive ditch was cut across the neck of land connecting the site to the adjacent ridge to defend the approach.</p><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>The site core consists of an acropolis supporting a plaza, around which all the civic architecture is arranged, with the exception of two structures. The acropolis terrace rises 4 m above the adjoining level, and has inset masonry retaining walls. Five stairways were used to access the acropolis level. The masonry is well-preserved and built from cut schistose slabs. In some places a later building stage uses dressed limestone blocks. The masonry was coated with plaster. The majority of structures at the site are aligned with the cardinal directions. The long structures at the site featured corbel vaulting, an architectural form derived from the Maya lowlands.</p><br>
<h4>Main plaza</h4><br>
<p>The main plaza of the site features a radial pyramid with a single stairway on each side; it stands 6.8 m tall. One of the long structures measures 22 by, standing upon a basal platform measuring 32 by.</p><br>
<p>Structure 10 possessed a stone-lined tomb, rectangular in form, with its doorway sealed by a stone slab. During excavations, a well-preserved sculpture of a crouching jaguar was uncovered at the base of the stairway of Structure 3, one of the long structures, and a life-size stucco sculpture of a jaguar was found buried with the deceased in a tomb under another of northern long structure flanking the main plaza.</p><br>
<p>The ballcourt measures 35 m along its major axis and is aligned 15–17° off north-south. It is situated along the side of the plaza, upon a lower terrace, and may have been regarded as a part of the plaza complex. The walls of the playing area are almost vertical, and the top of the eastern range of the ballcourt is on the same level as the adjoining floor of the main plaza.</p><br>
<h4>Secondary plaza</h4><br>
<p>On the same level as the ballcourt there is a secondary plaza that contains an unusual long structure with a sunken court. The superstructure possessed free-standing masonry walls, with a single room that contained benches. Holes near the top of the walls probably held wooden beams that supported a wooden roof. The long structure contained a raised plaster ring standing 5 cm high, and measuring 1 m across. An altar accompanies the long structure in the secondary plaza.</p><br>
<h4>Other structures</h4><br>
<p>Numerous low residential platforms are located on the western terraces of the site. An underground passage is said to lead down from the ruins to the river, but archaeologists were unable to verify its existence.</p><br>
<p>Szczęśliwicka Hill  is an artificially created hill with a height of 152 m above sea level. It is in Szczęśliwice Park, in the western part of Warsaw&#39;s Ochota district and it is the highest hill in the city.</p><br>
<p>The biggest attraction of the hill is skiing at the Szczęśliwice Centre.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hill was created as a dump for rubble from the destruction of Warsaw during the war, and later as a dump for trash. From 1967 to 1970 the dump was covered with earth and a park was created. By the 1980s, an illuminated slope with a ski lift already existed. The hill was 138 meters above sea level.</p><br>
<p>In June 1997, the resort was leased for 30 years to Energopol Trade SA, which made the hill 14 m taller (raising it to 152 m above sea level) and built a chairlift.</p><br>
<p>In the winter of 2005/2006 the center was closed as a result of conflict between the tenant and the City of Warsaw. In subsequent seasons 2006/07 and 2007/08 was opened for several winter months until September 2008, when an agreement was reached under which the city took over the equipment and buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Equipment</h2><br>
<p>The ski slope has an area of 9,500 square meters covered with a Dendix mat made in England, which at zero and positive temperatures is sprayed with a "water spray" to reduce friction and improve slipperiness, while at sub-zero temperatures and with the absence of, or low amounts of snow, can be covered by a snow cannon (initially installed in 1999).</p><br>
<p>The camber (difference in height) of the slope is 44 m, which at its approximately 227 m gives the average slope of 19% (11°), which in turn qualifies the route as blue (easy). The maximum slope is 17°.</p><br>
<p>At the bottom of the slope there are isolated practice runs with a length of approximately 60 m.</p><br>
<p>The site has a chairlift with a capacity for 1200 people per hour (in winter) and 782 (in summer), and a ski lift with a capacity for 700 people per hour (winter and summer).</p><br>
<p>There is an observation deck at the foot of the slope which is about 900 m².</p><br>
<p>The hill is one of the 3 year-round ski sites in Poland, along with one in Poznań and the other in Bytom.</p><br>
<p>Osler House is a heritage-listed detached house at 35 Sturt Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by W G Smith & Sons and built from 1888 to 1950s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Osler House was designed in 1888, by William George Smith and Sons, for prominent North Queensland businessman and Member of the Queensland Parliament, John Deane. It is believed to have been designed specifically for rental as a doctor&#39;s surgery and residence and was ready for occupation in April 1889.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed as an investment property for John Deane, a prominent northern parliamentarian, businessman and mining magnate, who had owned the land since 1869. The building, as described in the North Queensland Telegraph of 29 April 1889, did not have a projecting gable on the northern side. As such it would have resembled a single bay of a terrace of the kind built in the southern colonies and to a far lesser extent in Brisbane. As the house was built to one side of Deane&#39;s block, it is possible that it was originally intended to add adjoining bays.</p><br>
<p>Osler House is the only known example of the domestic work of the important North Queensland architectural firm of W.G. Smith and Sons. William George Smith was born in London and arrived in Brisbane in 1861, initially working as a carpenter and joiner. By 1869 he was a building contractor in Maryborough. In 1875, he became a foreman for the Queensland Department of Public Works and was transferred to Townsville in this capacity in 1879. In 1886, he left the department to join his son, W.G. Smith Junior, who was already in practice as an architect in Townsville. In time they were joined by Smith&#39;s other sons; Charles, Frederick and George. The firm had branch offices in Charters Towers, Mackay and Cairns and are best known for the Town Hall and Market Reserve Buildings in Townsville and also designed a number of large hotels. The firm continued in business until 1910.</p><br>
<p>At the time the house was built, its style was considered most unusual in Townsville, representing "a departure in residential street architecture", according to the local newspaper. When built, it had a surgery and dining room on the ground floor and a drawing room, two bedrooms and a pantry on the upper floor. A separate brick building to the rear contained the kitchen, bathroom and servants room. That it was intended as a doctors surgery and residence is indicated by the fact that the largest room, which would normally be used as the drawing room, was located upstairs and a rather smaller room downstairs was designated as the surgery. It was common practice in the 19th century for doctors to set up a surgery in their home, but this was normally an adaptation of an ordinary house. This is the earliest surviving building identified in Queensland which appears to have been purpose designed for a medical practitioner&#39;s use. The building was also well ventilated being praised as "about the coolest in town".</p><br>
<p>Dr Sidney Spark was the first tenant and occupied the house until he moved to the South in 1891. Dr Walter Nisbet, another well-known medical practitioner, was the next tenant until 1899 when he left to join the Australian medical contingent during the Boer War. Nesbit served at one of the largest military hospitals in South Africa for 2 years, rising to the rank of Major.</p><br>
<p>In 1901, the property was leased by the Commercial Travellers Association who established a club in the building. This may have been the period when the two storey verandah extension was added, as in the 1890s a small shop occupied that section of the block, but in a view of the area taken in 1906, the shop has gone and the verandah can clearly be seen. It had arches and a cast iron valance matching the front of the building and may well have also been designed by Smith and Sons. If there had been any intention of constructing a small terrace, it had been abandoned at this point. The club only lasted in the building for a few years and in 1906 the building was again occupied by a medical man, Dr Stuart Burnie. In 1910 it was purchased by Jane McWilliam. The medical association continued as she rented the property to Dr DEA Buchanan, later well known as the Superintendent of the hospital at Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, the property was purchased by Dr Gordon Ross, who had rented it since 1914. Dr Ross was prominent in northern medical circles. He was founder of the Lister Hospital, the forerunner of the present Mater Misericordia Hospital, and had been superintendent of the Townsville General Hospital. Ross sold Osler House in 1928 to yet another well-known northern medical practitioner, Dr H.J. Taylor. It is thought that the building may have been named Osler House in the 1930s in honour of Sir William Osler, a distinguished Canadian physician who developed modern methods of clinical training and was the author of the influential Principles and Practice of Medicine.</p><br>
<p>In 1937, Dr Taylor sold the building and the practice to Dr Leslie Halberstater. Dr Halberstater was well known throughout the north, both in medical and racing circles, and was prominently associated with the development of the Mater Hospital. In 1957, the land was subdivided into 2 blocks and in 1875 a building was constructed on Lot 1 and was sold in 1981. After Dr Halberstater&#39;s retirement, the building was rented by other well-known medical practitioners, the last being Dr Michael Rooney who purchased the property in 1983, but sold it soon afterwards. The building fell into disrepair for a few years, but was renovated as offices.</p><br>
<p>Osler House was originally free standing but is now flanked by modern buildings. The verandah to the side has been enclosed and a further timber extension has been made at the first floor level over the driveway. The original cast iron frieze, columns and balustrade were replaced with a full height screen of louvres and the curved profile verandah roof was replaced by a straight profile sheeting, possibly in the Interwar period. This alteration has recently been reversed. Changes have also been made to the interior to accommodate change of use over the years.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, it is occupied by a tax and accountancy business.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Osler House is a two-storeyed house of rendered brick in an Italianate style reminiscent of terraced housing of its period. It has a corrugated iron roof and lantern concealed by a balustraded parapet and has a projecting bay on the northern side. Adjoining this is a verandah to the upper level with cast iron balustrading, It is supported on cast iron pillars with decorative cast iron brackets in-filling the upper corners to create an arched effect.</p><br>
<p>Each level of the house on the front elevation has two entrances with a sash windows between. Both doors and windows have round headed transom lights. There is a balcony to the rear and this has been enclosed, having casement windows to the upper level, although a lattice section remains at the side. A single-storey service wing projects at the rear. This is of brick and has apparently been re- roofed. In the 1950s the building was joined to the next door structure by an enclosed timber bridging section at the upper level, to allow ingress of vehicles to the rear yard.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building, though now used as offices, retains the original layout of the earliest section and joinery details including doors, windows and elaborate fretwork transoms over ground floor doors.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Osler House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Osler House, as an early purpose designed surgery and residence for medical practitioners, demonstrates an aspect of the growth of medical services in Queensland. Buildings designed for private medical practice are known in Brisbane at this date, but not in North Queensland and foreshadow the move towards such specialised buildings in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare surviving example of a 19th century combined doctor&#39;s residence and surgery which appears to have been specifically designed for this usage. It is also a rare example of a building of this style and material in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Osler House has a long history of usage as the home and workplace of a number of noted North Queensland medical practitioners.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Osler House is the only identified example of the domestic architecture of W G Smith and Sons, an architectural firm that had considerable influence on the architecture of north Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Rooney Building is a heritage-listed commercial building at 241 - 245 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1883. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed for Edmund Harris Thornburgh Plant, mill owner, company director of a number of mines in the Charters Towers-Ravenswood area and a Member of the Queensland Legislative Council from 1905 to 1922. After construction in 1883 it was occupied by Pollard&#39;s Music Store and by the Royal Bank of Queensland from 1890.</p><br>
<p>In 1892 Rooney & Co., the leading builders of the region, took out a lease and traded from there for the next 49 years. In 1917 Rooney Ltd purchased the building and in 1928 modernised the ground floor as a large furniture showroom. The produce firm of Samuel Allen & Sons Ltd, established in the city in 1872, purchased the site in 1953. In 1979 the windows on the first floor were replaced with aluminium and the ground floor facade altered to accommodate three shops or restaurants.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, an Italian restaurant is operating from the ground floor.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Rooney Building, constructed in 1883, has a plain symmetrical facade with some classical features such as arched windows and a decorative parapet which conceals the corrugated iron roof. The ground floor facade of this cement-rendered brick building has been altered and the original awning replaced with one of a modern cantilever design. This floor is now divided into three shops. Aluminium windows have replaced the timber framed windows on the upper level while the interior of the first floor has been renovated to house offices.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Rooney Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Its importance is enhanced because of the contribution these commercial firms made to the development and consolidation of Townsville in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>While this building is representative of commercial structures of the it is also important as a unifying part of the Flinders Street East area.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>While this building is representative of commercial structures of the it is also important as a unifying part of the Flinders Street East area.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The long association of a leading building firm with the structure, together with its construction for a prominent commercial and political figure and its later purchase by a longstanding produce firm makes this building significant.</p><br>
<p>Queensland National Bank is a heritage-listed former bank at 295-303 Flinders Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built from 1878-1879 by C A Ward. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 January 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed rendered brick building was erected in 1878-1879 as the Townsville branch of the Queensland National Bank (QNB), on a site acquired by the bank in December 1877. It was erected during the boom which accompanied Townsville&#39;s growth in the 1870s as the port for the goldfields centred around Ravenswood and Charters Towers.</p><br>
<p>The QNB, established in Brisbane in 1872 by a group of prominent Queensland businessmen, flourished during the last quarter of the 19th century. In the 1870s and 1880s it was patronised by Sir Thomas McIlwraith and Sir Arthur Hunter Palmer, and for 42 years, from 1879 until 1921, the QNB held the Queensland Government&#39;s banking account. Despite financial scandals and collapse in the early 1890s, the QNB contributed substantially to the development of North Queensland, lending generously to mining, pastoral and sugar interests. It was the third bank to establish a branch in Townsville, in a small timber cottage in 1873. In 1875, the QNB purchased a site in Wickham Street, on which larger premises were erected in 1876. This building was destroyed by fire in 1877, following which the bank operated from temporary rented premises until the present Flinders Street building was completed in 1879.</p><br>
<p>The new offices were designed by then colonial architect Francis Drummond Greville Stanley, who from the late 1870s to the late 1890s designed a substantial number of bank buildings in Queensland for the QNB, the Australian Joint Stock Bank, and the Union Bank. The contractor was Townsville builder CA Ward. Total cost of the new premises, including land, was just over £6,000. At the time, it was the most substantial building in Townsville. The ground floor offices comprised a large banking chamber, managers room, strong room, and stationery store. The managers accommodation on the first floor consisted of a large drawing room, bedrooms and a bathroom. The dining room was located on the ground floor at the rear, with easy access to the kitchen. Verandahs to both levels at the front and sides, demonstrating what appears to be the first use of elaborately decorative cast-iron balustrading in North Queensland, were an important adaptation to the climate.</p><br>
<p>The building functioned as banking premises for one hundred and three years, first as the QNB, and from 1948 as the National Bank of Australasia Limited, following the merger of the QNB with the NBA in that year. The NBA closed the branch in April 1982, and sold the property in 1983.</p><br>
<p>In 1984 the building was refurbished and re-opened as commercial offices. The principal lessee in the 1980s was the Queensland Tourist Travel Corporation.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the former bank is used as an antiques and vintage shop.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Bank, located on the northern side of Flinders Street Mall, is a two-storeyed rendered masonry building with a hipped corrugated iron roof and classical revival facade. The building is built to the site&#39;s front and side boundaries, with the side verandahs being enclosed.</p><br>
<p>The facade, consisting of verandahs to both floors, is divided into three bays. The ground floor features Tuscan Order columns supporting an entablature with cornice, and the first floor features paired Egyptian inspired, Lotus Bud capital, cast iron columns supporting a corrugated iron awning. The arched centre entrance bay projects on both floors, and is surmounted by a gable and both floors have cast iron balustrade, but of a different design. The ground floor has a timber framed glass entrance door with an arched fanlight, with a large sash window on the west and a casement on the east. The first floor has french doors with timber louvred shutters.</p><br>
<p>Each of the side verandahs have been fitted out as a shop at ground level. The first floor has paired timber posts with the rear being enclosed with glass louvres. The rear of the building has a single- storeyed masonry wing, with a corrugated iron gable roof, which has had recent concrete block additions. The east verandah tenancy has a long single-storeyed concrete block addition with a skillion corrugated iron roof. The rear of the site is concreted and used for carparking.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the ground floor has a large front office, with a strongroom, some partitioning, false ceilings, floor vents and two steel columns. Windows onto side verandahs have been enclosed. At the rear, a timber stair with turned balustrade leads to the first floor from a rear foyer which has double timber doors with arched fanlight and sidelights. The rear wing has been refitted and extended to house staff amenities.</p><br>
<p>The first floor contains a kitchen at the rear, large offices opening onto the front and side verandahs, plaster ceilings, painted timber joinery and panelled doors with fanlights.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Bank was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 January 1994 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Its location demonstrates the development of Townsville as a port for the Ravenswood and Charters Towers goldfields and as the principal town in North Queensland at that time.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Bank, erected in 1878-1879, is a characteristic 1870s regional bank building adapted to a tropical climate, and is one of the few remaining 1870s buildings in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The quality of design and composition of classical elements are of considerable aesthetic value, and it is a fine example of the work of Queensland colonial architect FDG Stanley.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building is part of the Queensland National Bank&#39;s contribution to the development of North Queensland in the last quarter of the 19th century. The quality of design and composition of classical elements are of considerable aesthetic value, and it is a fine example of the work of Queensland colonial architect FDG Stanley.</p><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s Church & Convent area heritage-listed Roman Catholic church buildings at 34 Ingham Road, West End, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by the Rooney Brothers and built by Cowell & Holt in 1888. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 January 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Marys Church was erected in 1888, as a West Townsville mass centre and school for the Catholic parish of Townsville. It is the second oldest Catholic church in North Queensland. The former St Marys Convent is a s residence acquired by the Catholic Church in 1917.</p><br>
<p>Early settlement in Townsville began in the mid-1860s at the mouth of Ross Creek, and along the beach front to the north, but later development was concentrated along the creek to the west. By the late 1880s, West Townsville was a well settled area, and catholics in this area lived a considerable distance from St Josephs Church and School on The Strand (established in the 1870s). Fr William Mason Walsh, second parish priest of Townsville, made the decision to establish a church and school in West Townsville, acquiring the St Marys Church site in 1887.</p><br>
<p>The West Townsville church was designed by Rooney Bros, who were the premier builders, and frequently also the designers, of vernacular architecture in Townsville and North Queensland during the latter part of the 19th century. Matthew and John Rooney and their families were strong supporters of the catholic church.</p><br>
<p>When St Marys was erected by contractors Cowell & Holt in 1888, it was a simple rectangular structure with a nave and entrance porch. The present cedar pews in the nave date from this period. The sub-floor was enclosed to provide classroom space for the Sisters of Mercy, who opened St Marys School there in the same year. The Sisters taught beneath the church until a new school building was erected on an adjacent block at the rear of the church in 1917.</p><br>
<p>The Sisters of Mercy, an Irish teaching and nursing order of catholic nuns, had arrived in Townsville in 1878, in response to a request from Fr Walsh. For ten years the Mercy nuns taught solely at St Josephs on The Strand. From 1888 some of the nuns travelled by sulky to teach in the classrooms established under St Marys Church at West End, and only took up residence near St Marys when the parish of St Marys was established in 1917. St Marys was Townsvilles second catholic parish, and comprised the suburbs now known as Mundingburra, Hyde Park, Belgian Gardens and Garbutt.</p><br>
<p>To accommodate the Sisters of Mercy within the new parish, the diocese purchased a timber residence in Castling Street, adjoining the church and school, early in 1917. The Castling Street residence is thought to have been constructed in the 1880s, but not on its present site. The original location is unknown, although it is likely to have come from one of the goldfields - probably Ravenswood or Charters Towers - to the west of Townsville. It was moved onto the site, possibly in 1897, when a mortgage for £130 was taken out on the property by the owner, Gustave Anderson, who had purchased the site at a Crown land sale held on 23 December 1890. Anderson died at his Castling Street residence in January 1898, but his widow remained resident in Castling Street for some years. In May 1901, she married Lauritz Henriksen Hoyer, and a Lawrence Hoyar is listed in Castling Street in the 1904 Queensland Post Office Directory. Mrs Hoyer had sold the property to the Pritchard family by 1912, and they in turn sold to the Catholic Church.</p><br>
<p>In 1917 the house, which was set on low stumps when acquired by the church, was raised on high wooden blocks, and the front southern room was extended into the front verandah to create a small chapel for the nuns. The front porch infill and rear extensions appear to date from this period also. Rooneys Ltd carried out the improvements, and St Mary&#39;s Convent was opened and blessed by Dr Joseph Shiel, Bishop of Rockhampton, on 12 August 1917. The sisters occupied this building until 1964, when it became the parish house for the priest. In 1975 the priest moved out and the house is now let.</p><br>
<p>Major alterations to the church were carried out in 1923 by Doig & Ritchie, under the supervision of Ardel Rooney of Rooneys Ltd. The building was widened to include transepts on either side of the main altar, side aisles and a sacristy. The marble altar, wooden side altars, baptismal font, altar rails, pulpit, pine pews in the aisles, and wood and plaster Stations of the Cross, date from this period. Also in 1923, cottage style gardens were constructed around the church. Their cement edgings were used in 1988 to recreate gardens for the centenary year. Some large fig trees, planted in 1923, still shade the lawns along Castling Street. The palms, African tulips, crepe myrtles and callistemons and various other shrubs and trees were planted in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The interiors of most catholic churches in Australia were modified as a result of changes in church thinking following Vatican II in 1963, but no alterations were made to St Mary&#39;s Church at West Townsville.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>The Church</h3><br>
<p>St Marys Catholic Church is a Gothic Revival influenced, single-storeyed chamferboard building with a triple gable corrugated iron roof and is supported by square concrete posts. The building is located on a level corner site fronting Ingham Road to the north, which is divided by the North Coast railway line, and is surrounded by associated buildings including the Presbytery, School, Parish Hall and the former St Marys Convent, which is currently a rented dwelling.</p><br>
<p>The building has a T-shaped plan, with the nave facing north, a vestry to the west and confessionals to the east. The central, north entrance porch has twin timber stair and a gable roof. Gabled entrance porches are also located to the vestry and confessionals and the building has lancet hopper windows.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has exposed timber scissor trusses with a diagonally boarded ceiling and ventilated centre ridge. Timber columns support the central gable and divide the nave into three volumes. An organ and choir gallery is located over the north entrance and is partially cantilevered. The building has pointed arch doors, with the entrance doors having timber battened ventilation panels above and the walls are lined with plywood.</p><br>
<p>The building has an ornate grey marble altar and Calvary Arch, high quality plaster statues and carved timber pews, font and Stations of the Cross.</p><br>
<p>Evidence of the original extent of the church can be seen underneath with a masonry supporting wall. A steel support structure has been installed under the altar. The grounds include mature fig trees to the Castling Street boundary.</p><br>
<h3>The former Convent</h3><br>
<p>The former Convent is a high-set single-storeyed timber building with a corrugated galvanised iron roof, situated at 15 Castling Street, West End, Townsville.</p><br>
<p>In form, the building comprises a six-roomed core under a hipped roof, with a gabled entry porch to Castling Street and an encircling verandah of lesser pitch that meets the walls below the eaves line. Although the house is large and spacious, its proximity to the Church and Hall, its surrounding garden, its low pitched roof and its enclosure by horizontal timber louvres, all diminish its visual scale.</p><br>
<p>The six central rooms are placed three to a side, each with a doorway to the central passage and french doors to the verandah. There is a kitchen, a bathroom and two sitting rooms in the rear enclosed verandah.</p><br>
<p>At the front of the house, the southeast room has been extended into the verandah and rebuilt as a chapel, with a Gothic pointed arch opening inserted into the west wall.</p><br>
<p>There are pointed arch ventilating openings to the internal doorways of the two front rooms, and ornamental crosses cut into the front porch panels.</p><br>
<p>The core walls are of exposed frame construction with horizontal chamferboards with curved rebates, fixed to the inside face of vertical studs, with one bracing member in the centre of each wall.</p><br>
<p>The house has pine floors throughout, nailed to joists on doubled bearers and supported on adzed round hardwood stumps; cover strips conceal the central cut along the passageway that is evidence of the house having been moved onto the site.</p><br>
<p>Verandahs have raked ceilings lined in pine, and are enclosed with painted timber louvres. Interior walls and ceilings are lined with painted pine boards, with wall linings to the passage side.</p><br>
<p>The area under the northern verandah has been built in to form a suite of rooms, with maps painted on the walls, illustrating their former function as school rooms.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s Church & Convent was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 January 1993 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s Church, erected in 1888 with 1923 additions, is important in demonstrating an aspect of the pattern of Queensland history, namely, the establishment and growth of the Catholic Church in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>It also retains its s layout and fabric, and is significant as an early, intact residence of substantial proportions in Townsville. It demonstrates part of the pattern and evolution of Queensland history, surviving as important physical evidence of the widespread removal, transportation and re-erection of timber buildings in Queensland in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and more precisely, of the large numbers of buildings removed from Ravenswood and Charters Towers to Townsville in this period.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>St Mary&#39;s Church remains substantially intact, and is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a simple, evolving timber church of the late 19th/early 20th centuries, in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Through its scale, form and materials, St Mary&#39;s Church makes a significant contribution to the Ingham Road streetscape and Townsville townscape. The building is significant also for the quality and craftsmanship of the interior and fittings.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>St Marys Church is the second oldest catholic church in North Queensland, and is significant for its strong and special association as a centre of catholic worship, education and community life in Townsville for over a century. St Marys Church is significant also for its special association with St Marys parish, created in 1917, as only the second catholic parish in Townsville. St Marys Church is significant for its special association with the Rooney family and their important North Queensland building firms of Rooney Bros, Rooney & Co. and Rooneys Ltd.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former St Mary&#39;s Convent is significant for its association with the contribution of the Sisters of Mercy to the educational and cultural life of West Townsville for nearly fifty years, and retains clear physical evidence of its function as a convent.</p><br>
<p>Townsville Astronomical Trigonometrical Station is a heritage-listed triangulation station at Stanton Hill, North Ward, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Robert Hoggan and built in 1891. It is also known as Townsville Observatory. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1891 an astronomical observatory and trigonometrical (trig) station were constructed at the top of Stanton Hill in Townsville, to the design of government surveyor and astronomer Robert Hoggan. The observatory no longer survives, but the concrete trig station remains.</p><br>
<p>In the late 19th century, trig stations were erected in most of the principal towns of Queensland, as part of the first attempt to map Queensland on a large scale using common data. Despite the passage of years this data remains important because of its comparative value for modern surveyors. Most of the Queensland trig stations were timber posts, only remnants of which survive, erected to support a theodolite which measured vertical and horizontal lines. At Townsville and Thursday Island, concrete pillars rather than timber posts were erected, and these have survived largely because of their more substantial construction.</p><br>
<p>Although surveyors no longer need to use the Townsville trig station, it is still in a serviceable condition.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Townsville Astronomical Trigonometrical Station is situated on the northern boundary of a home units complex which occupies the summit of Stanton Hill.</p><br>
<p>It is constructed of concrete and is cone shaped. The pillar stands 1.5 metres high by 0.3 metres in diameter with three holes in the top, which supported the theodolite.</p><br>
<p>A paved area and gardens surround the trig station.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Townsville Astronomical Trigonometrical Station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Townsville Astronomical Trigonometrical Station, erected in 1891, is significant for its historical role in land surveying in Queensland, and typologically, as one of only two concrete astronomical trig stations constructed in Queensland in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Townsville Astronomical Trigonometrical Station, erected in 1891, is significant for its historical role in land surveying in Queensland, and typologically, as one of only two concrete astronomical trig stations constructed in Queensland in the 19th century. As one of only two surviving Queensland 19th century trig stations, the other being at Thursday Island, the place has rarity value.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Townsville Astronomical Trigonometrical Station, erected in 1891, is significant for its historical role in land surveying in Queensland, and typologically, as one of only two concrete astronomical trig stations constructed in Queensland in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Bodwell Water Power Company Plant, also known as the Milford Plant of Emera Maine , is a hydroelectric power generation facility on the Penobscot River in Milford, Maine. Its main building, a handsome Romanesque structure, stands at the eastern end of the Milford Dam. Built in 1906, it was at that time the largest hydroelectric facility in the state, and its construction marked a shift from water to electrical power of area industries. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bodwell Water Power Company Plant stands at the eastern end of Milford Dam, although it is technically not a part of the dam; a log sluiceway and fish ladder separate the facilities. The dam and power plant are located at one of the major falls on that stretch of the river, and its largest single source of power. The plant is a monumental steel-framed structure faced in brick, measuring 220 x, and projecting over the river on a two-story concrete foundation. The base of foundation is an arcade of arches, with square windows above aligned with those of the structure resting on top. The main structure is roughly that of a basilica, with a tall central section flanked by lower side sections, with clerestory windows at the sides of the central section. The interior has original tile floors, iron railings, and other features, including a traveling industrial crane that can be used to maneuver heavy equipment throughout the building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site where the power plant stands was the location of a large sawmill in the 1880s and 1890s. Joseph Robinson Bodwell was a major owner of the Milford Land Company, which owned that mill, and it was under the aegis of that company that the power plant and dam were built in 1905-07. The reasons for the architectural sophistication, especially for a comparatively remote site, of the main plant are not known, but follow a trend for high-style architecture in large public buildings during that period. It was designed by Wallace C. Johnson, a civil and mechanical engineer who had worked on hydroelectric projects in Niagara, New York. The plant was originally designed to produce 12,000 horsepower, and the power was mainly sold to industrial customers in nearby communities. (The mill standing across the river in Old Town was not one of these customers—it had its own internal power plant.)</p><br>
<p>In 1998 Bangor Hydro, then the owner of the plant, sold it (along with its other hydroelectric power generation assets) to PP&L Global of Fairfax, Virginia. It is now owned by Black Bear Hydro Partners LLC, and has an authorized capacity of 8 megawatts.</p><br>
<p>The Williams Street Extension Historic District encompasses a locally architecturally distinctive residential area on Williams Street in Bellows Falls, a village of Rockingham, Vermont. Developed between about 1880 and 1930, the neighborhood has a collection of 15 historically significant well-preserved worker housing units. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Williams Street Extension is a residential dead end street in the northwestern part of Bellows Falls, running west from Atkinson Road (United States Route 5) to end at a steep hillside at its western end. Myrtle Street, another residential street, ends in a T junction roughly midway through its length. The street has eighteen primary residential structures, most of which are two or three story multiunit wood frame buildings. All have slate roofs, and most have wooden clapboard or shingle siding, although some have been clad in synthetic siding. They are basically vernacular in style, with elements of the Queen Anne revival predominant, although Greek Revival and Colonial Revival features are also found in a few buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Williams Street Extension was developed beginning about 1880, in order to address the need for worker housing in the industries of Bellows Falls, Rockinghams most populous and economically significant village. The area was platted out as early as 1872, when the land was owned by the Bellows Falls Canal Company. Between 1880 and 1900 twelve of the streets buildings were built, and the last major construction took place in 1920. Since then, only modest alterations have taken place, including the addition or loss of outbuildings, changes in siding materials, and minor alterations to building exteriors. Residents who lived here were typically employed either by the railroads that served the village, or the paper companies that had plants here.</p><br>
<p>Monte Armetta is a mountain in Piedmont, northern Italy, part of the Alps. At an altitude of 1,739 metres is the highest summit of the Ligurian Prealps.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>According to the historian Emanuele Celesia the name Armetta comes from Hermes, but other scholars think that it&#39;s a diminutive of arma, a local term used in Liguria for cave.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain stands on the main chain of the Alps between Tanaro and Arroscia valleys. It belongs to the province of Cuneo, in Piedmont, and is located on the border between the municipalities of Ormea and Caprauna, not faraway from Liguria.</p><br>
<h3>SOIUSA classification</h3><br>
<p>According to the SOIUSA (International Standardized Mountain Subdivision of the Alps) the mountain can be classified in the following way:</p><br>
<p>main part=Western Alps</p><br>
<p>major sector=South Western Alps</p><br>
<p>section=Ligurian Alps</p><br>
<p>subsection=Prealpi Liguri</p><br>
<p>supergroup=Catena Settepani-Carmo-Armetta</p><br>
<p>group=Gruppo Galero-Armetta</p><br>
<p>subgroup=Costiera Galero-Armetta</p><br>
<p>code=I/A-1.I-A.3.a</p><br>
<h3>Environment</h3><br>
<p>The northern side of the mountain fells with overhanging cliffs towards Ormea, while its gentle southern slopes are covered of woods and pastures. On Monte Armetta, in spite of its not so high elevation, grow several typical mountain flowers as Leontopodium alpinum.</p><br>
<h2>Access to the summit</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is accessible by off-road mountain paths and is crossed by the Alta Via dei Monti Liguri, a long-distance trail from Ventimiglia (province of Imperia) to Bolano (province of La Spezia).</p><br>
<p>It&#39;s also possible to reach monte Armetta from Madonna del Lago sanctuary (located a couple of km from the centre of Alto) through a signposed foothpat which also crosses Monte Dubasso (1,545 m).</p><br>
<p>Kardinia is a heritage-listed detached house at 11 Victoria Street, North Ward, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built in the 1880s. It is also known as Japanese Consulate. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kardinia, a decorative, single-storeyed timber residence, was erected during the boom years of the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The site was first purchased in April 1883 by Arthur Walters, and sold by November that year to Edward Bevan, a surveyor then in partnership with Christian Waagepetersen as Waagepetersen and Bevan, architects, surveyors and agents, Townsville. By 1883 Bevan was also editor of the Daily Northern Standard, a Townsville publication, and became well known as an artist and writer. It is not known whether Walters or Bevan erected a house on the site, but physical evidence suggests that the original building comprised just 2 rooms with a surrounding verandah, and was enlarged subsequently to create the present form. Bevan was resident on Stanton Hill by 16 June 1884, when his son Guy Felix was born, and in September 1886 took out a £400 mortgage on the property, which may have financed the renovations. Title to the property was transferred in August 1888 to John Graham MacDonald, explorer, pastoralist, and police magistrate of Townsville from May 1888 to April 1899. In August 1889, Macdonald also took out a mortgage of £1,400 on the property, but whether it was he, or Bevan, who commissioned the renovations, has not been established. Photographic evidence suggests that the house was enlarged, and had acquired its unusual asymmetrical facade, by.</p><br>
<p>Macdonald was one of the first Europeans to explore the area between Bowen and the Gulf of Carpentaria, and later invested in northern pastoral properties such as Carpentaria Downs, in partnership with Robert Towns and Sir John Robertson. After the pastoral slump of the mid-1880s, Macdonald took up the important position of police magistrate in Townsville, and played a significant role in the life of the town.</p><br>
<p>Macdonald resided at Kardinia from until, and from 1896 to 1908 leased the house to the Japanese Government as Australia&#39;s first Japanese consulate, servicing the needs of the growing number of Japanese living in North Queensland, and promoting improved trade relations between Australia and Japan. After the consulate moved to Sydney in 1908 the house was occupied by prominent Townsville businessman, alderman, mayor and civic worker John Newport Parkes, at which time the name Kardinia is first listed in the Queensland Post Office Directory. In 1911 title to the property transferred from Macdonald to Alberta Green, wife of prominent North Queensland newspaper proprietor and editor, Humphrey (David) Green. The Green family played a prominent role in the newspaper industry of North Queensland for more than half a century. During their occupancy the house was visited often by the noted North Queensland journalist and author Edmund James Banfield ("Beachcomber") who was a lifelong friend of the family. Kardinia remained the property of the Green family until sold in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Kardinia is a substantial, high-set timber residence occupying a commanding position on top of Stanton Hill overlooking the central business district of Townsville. Some external walls have an exposed stud frame while others are lined on the outside. It has a corrugated iron gabled roof. The house is raised on brick piers with some more modern concrete piers.</p><br>
<p>The house has an unusual asymmetrical facade and a U-shaped plan form, reflecting five periods of extension. A central hallway, with large rooms opening off it, extends the length of the main body of the building. To the left of this hallway there are two rooms which are divided by a large cedar arch. To the right, all the rooms open onto the verandah through french doors which have fanlights decorated with etched glass and fretwork. The verandah balustrading is made of cast-iron in a design found in only a few houses in North Queensland. An elaborate wooden frieze extends the full length of the verandah and early timber venetian blinds provide shade and privacy. The rear section, once open verandah, was enclosed to create extra rooms and a bathroom. The service wing which originally contained a maid&#39;s room or pantry, kitchen and scullery was converted into a kitchen, possible in 1912. A large dining room was added in 1912 across the rear verandah from the service wing, together with a room built under the house where the land falls away. The windows in this area are of unusual painted glass.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Kardinia was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Kardinia, erected in the 1880s, is significant historically, architecturally, aesthetically and socially. As the first Japanese consulate in Australia, it was connected with important events in Australian-Japanese trade and diplomatic relations, and illustrates the important connection between Japanese migration and North Queensland in the late 19th/early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>As a colonial house, Kardinia is unusual because of its asymmetric facade which was a rare design feature until after the depression of the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building also is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of the prestigious type of timber house built in Townsville in the latter part of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Kardinia, erected in the 1880s, is significant historically, architecturally, aesthetically and socially.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is significant for its strong associations with several prominent people in Townsville, including police magistrate John Graham Macdonald and newspaper editor and proprietor David Green, and for its associations with the work of the Japanese government in establishing consular services for its nationals resident in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Mid Dome is a prominent mountain in the northern Southland region that overlooks the township of Five Rivers and the Waimea Plain. It rises to a height of 1,478 m. Surrounding farms at the base of the mountain make up the original Dome  station which lies to the west of the Mid Dome. Mid Dome stands above the upper reaches of the Mataura River, some 7 km south of the township of Athol.</p><br>
<p>Mid Dome was the source of an experiment during the late 1960s to confront the effects of ongoing land erosion. In an attempt to reduce erosion wilding pines. The solution was effective, with the pines spreading quickly over the western slopes of the mountain. In the early 1990s, however, it was noted that the pines were spreading beyond control and efforts have been made since that time to try to control them. Aerial spraying of the pines has been undertaken and has successfully reduced the area covered by the pines.</p><br>
<p>The Everett Wallace House is a historic house on United States Route 1 in Milbridge, Maine. Built in 1938, it is unusual as a late example of Queen Anne architecture, having been built as a near replica of the owner&#39;s previous house, which was destroyed by fire in 1937. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Everett Wallace House stands in the southern part of the village center of Milbridge, on the west side of US 1 just north of its junction with Wyman Road. It is set on a lot fronted by a picket fence along with a two-car detached garage. The house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with asymmetrical styling typical of the Queen Anne period. It has a steeply pitched gabled roof, a brick foundation, and an exterior clad in a variety of finishes, including wooden shingles, aluminum siding, and applied Stick style half timbering. It is roughly L-shaped, its shape somewhat obscured by single-story porches along the front, one of which has been enclosed in glass. Its front is in three sections, with a central three-story tower flanked by a projecting gabled section on the right and a recessed one on the left.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by Everett Wallace, a local merchant, in 1938, after the family&#39;s 1890s Queen Anne Victorian was destroyed by fire in 1937. The basic design appears to have been taken from a pattern book, since a nearly identical 1890s house stands in Boothbay Harbor. The earlier Wallace House is documented from a series of postcards produced in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Maine Publicity Bureau Building is a historic commercial building at 501 Danforth Street in Portland, Maine. Built in 1936, it is a fine local example of Colonial Revival architecture, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990 for its association with early formalized efforts by the state to promote tourism.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Maine Publicity Bureau Building stands below the southernmost end of Portland&#39;s Western Promenade, on the northeast side of a 90-degree bend in Danforth Street just before its western end. Although the building stands on a slight rise above Danforth Street, its view of the Fore River is obscured by the raised embankment that carries Commercial Street. The building is a 1-1/2 story brick building with Colonial Revival style, with a five-bay side gable central section flanked by symmetrical single-story front gable projecting sections. The flanking sections each have a Palladian-style window group, with narrow fixed windows flanking a central sash that is topped by a half-round fan. The center section has regular sash windows set in rectangular openings with flat keystoned lintels. The main entrance is a recessed double door, the opening flanked by pilasters and topped by a broken segmented pediment. The main room of the interior features high quality woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by Portland architect John Pickering Thomas and was completed in 1936 with funding support from the Works Progress Administration. The Maine Publicity Bureau was founded in Portland in 1921 by a group of the states business leaders, as a formalized way to promote the states business, industrial, and recreational resources. At first located in offices on Congress Street, the group chose this prominent location for a permanent home when it outgrew those facilities. The land and building were owned by the state, and were leased by the Bureau until 1979, when its headquarters was relocated to Hallowell.</p><br>
<p>The Williamsville Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge, carrying Dover Road over the Rock River in Newfane, Vermont. Probably built in the 1870s, this Town lattice truss bridge is probably the oldest covered bridge in Windham County, and is the only one surviving in the town of Newfane. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Williamsville Covered Bridge is located in south-central Newfane, about 0.4 mi west of the village of Williamsville. It carries Dover Road, the main road leading west from the village, across the Rock River, whose valley the road follows in this area. The bridge has a length of 118 ft and a width of 21 ft, allowing for a single travel lane. It has a portal clearance of 11 ft, and its roof is metal. It is supported by two Town lattice trusses, and its exterior is clad in vertical board siding. Its original wooden roadway supports have been replace by steel beams, and the roadbed is paved.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in the 1870s by an unknown builder, and is the last surviving historic covered bridge in the town.</p><br>
<p>The,  is located in Portland, Oregon now moored in the Swan Island Lagoon. It is currently owned and being restored by a non-profit 501c3 group, the "Amphibious Forces Memorial Museum". Built in 1944 in Neponset, Massachusetts, the ship was transferred to the Pacific Theater where it saw action in making two assault landings: Zamboanga, Philippines in March 1945 and Brunei Bay, Borneo in June 1945 . Purchased as war surplus initially for use as a log hauling tugboat, the engines were removed and it was relegated to a floating storage hulk in Stevenson, Washington until the late 1950s when it was abandoned and sank into the river mud on the shore of the Columbia River. In the late 1970s the ship was refloated and restoration began on the ship. LCI713 has changed ownership until finally sold to the AFMM in 2003. The LCI 713 has been continually restored with the goal of becoming a historically correct operating museum ship.</p><br>
<p>The Grave Creek Bridge is a covered bridge in Josephine County in the USA state of Oregon. It carries Sunny Valley Loop Road over Grave Creek about 15 mi north of Grants Pass and within sight of Interstate 5 .</p><br>
<p>Built in 1920, it originally carried USA Route 99, the Pacific Highway. The only remaining covered bridge in Josephine County, it is "Oregon&#39;s most viewed covered bridge" because of its location near I-5.</p><br>
<p>The structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It was closed for repairs in the late 1990s and reopened in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The 105 ft Howe truss bridge features six Gothic windows on each side as well as rounded portals and a shake roof. The original architects were A. A. Clausen and J. Elmer Nelson.</p><br>
<p>Ensenada Honda , is an inlet on Puerto Ricos northeastern coast, in the municipality of Ceiba. Early indigenous resistance and the absence of gold kept cash-strapped colonial administrations mostly away from the region, which in time grew into a pirate and smuggling hub. In the 19th century, the bays harbor facilitated the growth of the sugarcane industry, and in the 20th century, it hosted the Roosevelt Roads USA Naval Station. At present, a Reserve Component maintains a military presence in the area, but the inlet, along with a civilian airport, is the focus of local tourism and the fishing industry. As part of negotiations with the USA Navy, Ensenada Honda is also the object of preservation projects.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Ensenada Honda is about 4.6 square miles in area, but with a maximum depth of 40 1/2 foot, it is the second deepest bay in Puerto Rico after San Juan Bay. It flanks the open water passage known as "Radas Roosevelt" in the Vieques Strait and sits near the trafficked "Pasaje de Medio Mundo" (Middle of the World Passage).</p><br>
<p>Ensenada Honda ebbs about 2 miles northwestward, between the capes of Cabra de Tierra and Punta Cascajo. Cabra de Tierra is the southern tip of the headland that separates Bahía de Puerca and Ensenada Honda. Cabra de Tierra is 35 feet high and rocky with a few scrub trees. Buoys mark a dredged channel that leads northwestward into the harbor from a position of about 1/2/mile southward of Cabra de Tierra. A shore bank with a depth of fewer than 3 fathoms stretches for about 1 mile southeastward from Punta Cascajo.</p><br>
<p>Inside the harbor, there are depths of 5 to 7 fathoms outside of the shore bank, which as defined by the 3-fathom curve, stretches unevenly up to 3/4 mile offshore from the northwestern side of the harbor. Anchorage can be taken in 5 to 7 fathoms in the middle part of Ensenada Honda. The bottom is soft mud. Punta Cascajo is the western entrance point of Ensenada Honda, at 69 feet high with cliffs on the southern side. Punta Cascajos highest point is cleared, while mangroves fringe the shoreline. A reef lies on the shore bank at about 250 yards on the inlets southern side.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Early written sources relate little about the eastern portion of Borikén, Puerto Rico&#39;s indigenous name. Regardless of the scant data, the prehistoric cove must have been a busy place according to rock carvings, some of which still adorn its coast. It should have become a combined Taíno and Kalinago (or Caribs) stronghold just before the moment of contact with the Atlantic sojourners who came from across the ocean on caravels in 1493.</p><br>
<p>Late in the Pre-Columbian era, a group of Kalinagos had begun a gradual migration from the Orinocos basin, occupying the Lesser Antilles while moving north and reaching the nearby islands of Vieques and Culebra. By 1508, when Juan Ponce de Leóns team of Iberian adventurers had claimed the San Juan Bay on the northern coast and settled Caparra, the Caribs must have already established hegemony over the Ensenada Honda. According to colonial reports, their attacks proceeded from the Vieques Strait area, where they coordinated military movements with rebellious Taíno caciques in the east.</p><br>
<p>European invaders had entered Puerto Rico from the west in search of the island&#39;s meager mineral wealth and seeking the submission of densely populated Taíno kingdoms. The alliance between caciques on the east and the more battled-experience Kalinagos from Vieques and Culebra however, eventually slowed down the Spanish advance and made the eastern coast less appealing to the colonizers.</p><br>
<p>While Spanish colonists established a prosperous harbor on the San Juan Bay, no major port developed on Ensenada Honda for most the colonial period, regardless of its appealing qualities. Pirates and Buccaneers, however, discovered the inlets strategic value and for centuries, the region became known for smuggling and piracy. Even the infamous Puerto Rican pirate, Roberto Cofresí, is said to have used the inlet as an entry point to mainland Puerto Rico from Vieques and Culebra. In 1819, according to a letter from Captain José de Torres, corsairs, apparently South American insurgents (patriots), determined to subvert the Spanish colonial power, landed on the Ensenada Honda but were repelled by the Fajardo local militia. The corsairs attack led the authorities to pay more attention to the vulnerable region.</p><br>
<p>In 1813, Iñigo Abbad y Lasierra mentioned the "Ensenada Honda" in the first major publication of Puerto Rico&#39;s history, but only in passing. It took the independent-minded leaders of the "Seiba" barrio to branch off from the municipality of Fajardo and establish the town of Ceiba at the side of the bay in 1836. In their official application, the leaders hoped that the inlet of Ensenada Honda would usher an era of prosperous agricultural exports. efnHere are the original words in the document.</p><br>
<p>Gran consuelo para el agricultor, con el aliciente de un puerto de mar tan próximo y pacifico conocido por el de la Ensenada-Honda, refugio de buques en tiempos borrascosos, por el que con facilidad pueden embarcarse los frutos tan luego como se habilite para ello. In 1869, the Spanish colonial government began to pay closer attention to the bay with the planning of a lighthouse on Cabras Island, which sits at the inlet&#39;s entrance. And between 1879-1889, it set the Ensenada Honda mangroves aside as a natural preserve (Planes de aprovechamiento forestal). By the end of the century, Ensenada Honda had become the center of much economic activity around the timber, fishing and sugarcane industries. But, in 1905, the newly arrived USA Department of Agriculture saw it differently. It reported that "On the coast south of Fajardo and near to the village of Ceiba is one of the finest harbors in Porte Rico, which is wholly undeveloped. It is called the Ensenada Honda, and is landlocked, deep, and safe."</p><br>
<h2>Naval Base</h2><br>
<p>The USA Navy interest in Ensenada Honda and the shorelines of Vieques and Culebra dates back to the 1898 Spanish–American War when USA warships rounded the island, and its officers took tactical notes of its contours. For the first time, the bay appeared in writing in reference to its potential for military use. In 1919, Lt. Robert L. Pettigrew conceived the idea of a naval complex on the eastern side that would go cross the Vieques Strait and connect Vieques and Culebra to mainland Puerto Rico through the Ensenada Honda in Ceiba. In May 1940, Captain R. A. Spruance, Commandant of the Tenth Naval District, referred to Pettigrews 1919 report to request a fleet base in the Puerto Rico area. The Second World War and the German submarine threat in the Caribbean gave the Navy the necessary incentive for its expansion designs. They meant the station at Ensenada Honda to grow into the "main fleet operation base in the Atlantic," and become the Navys largest complex.</p><br>
<p>In 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt had appointed Admiral William D. Leahy governor of Puerto Rico and had charged him with preparing the island to assist the USA Navy in war preparations. The governor was to help draft local and federal legislations to appropriate the suitable lands for potential bases. The political and legislative groundwork for the acquisition of military terrain coincided with Puerto Ricos first agrarian reform, which facilitated the relocation of peasant families without property title and purchasing from small-holding owners. Soon after Pettigrews 1919 report came back to light in 1940, the acquisition of the property around Ensenada Honda followed. An upsurge of jobs and a booming local economy accompanied the development. The construction pace seemed to move to the rhythm of the war news with Pearl Harbor staging the background. Puerto Rico could become the next target. Adding to the urgency, the Axis powers proved to be a menace indeed. And to the surprise of Puerto Ricans and USA observers alike, from April to May 1942, German submarines sank eight ships en route to Puerto Rico.</p><br>
<p>As quickly as the buildings rose from the ground, the economic boom deflated. It was not only about the dismissing of construction workers. The illusion of a sustained economic boom had facilitated mass expropriations. Ceibas municipal government lost 8,500 of its 18,000 acres, about % 47 of its land. "In effect, Ceiba became a coastal community without a coast." Military installations now occupied Ceibas finest farming plots and marine assets, in addition to extended stretches of crucial coastal land. The rapid development also evicted Over 4,000 of Ceiba’s 18,000 residents from their homes, most of whom were agregados, families that had no legal title to their land, but held centuries-old traditional de facto rights instead. Other common malice accompanying the erections of military bases were the rapid, profound transformation of rural areas, including the growth of prostitution.</p><br>
<p>The Roosevelt Roads base closed in March 2004 under the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) program on that date Department of the Navy transferred its property on the eastern end of the island of Vieques, Puerto Rico to the administrative jurisdiction of the Department of Interior as required under the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Public Law 106-398), as amended by Section 1049 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002 (Public Law 107-107).</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>In 2015, Puerto Rico&#39;s Department of Natural Resources received back from the federal government 70 acres around the cove for the protection of its natural resources.</p><br>
<p>Townsville Central State School is a heritage-listed state school and former prison at 4-6 Warburton Street, North Ward, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built from 1877 to 1880 by J Rooney. It is also known as the former Townsville Gaol and Residence of the Police Inspector. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 October 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Townsville Central State School, first established as the National School in 1869, was relocated to its present site in Warburton Street in 1955 and incorporates the remains of the first Townsville gaol which was established in 1878 and relocated to Stuart Creek in 1891 (where it is now known as the Townsville Correctional Centre).</p><br>
<h3>The Gaol</h3><br>
<p>Townsville was proclaimed a municipality in 1865 with a population of approximately 100. By 1870, Townsville had become a major port in North Queensland with permanent infrastructure to support the needs of increasing population. The discovery of gold in Charters Towers and Ravenshoe contributed to the steady growth of Townsville, and with increased activity in the goldfields, criminal activity such as drunkenness, violence and vagrancy also escalated exceeding the capacity of the small timber police lock-up.</p><br>
<p>Plans for a new gaol were prepared by the renowned colonial architect, FDG Stanley who designed several other buildings in Townsville, including the Queensland National Bank in Flinders Street, the first Post Office, the Magistrates Court, the 1879 Telegraph Office and the Hospital.</p><br>
<p>According to a report written by Stanley for the Under Secretary of Public Works on 8 May 1875:"The object in view has been to provide a complete establishment which would be sufficient for the gaol requirements of the North, for say the next ten or twelve years without material alteration. And on its design and planning: The general arrangement of the Plan adopted is that of the radiating principle as this great facility is afforded under this system for the economical working of the whole establishment."</p><br>
<p>The accommodation of the gaol when completed was:</p><br>
<p>One prison ward for 140 male prisoners, forty in single cells per entire block</p><br>
<p>Prison ward for 60 female prisoners. Twenty per block.</p><br>
<p>Prisoners&#39; Kitchen with store attached</p><br>
<p>Quarters for gaoler with offices</p><br>
<p>Quarters for Turnkeys placed on each side of entrance court and having check gate at the inner side.</p><br>
<p>Underground water tanks with sufficient supply for full complement of prisoners.</p><br>
<p>The prison wards buildings were designed in blocks, two storeys in height, because it was cheaper than one storey buildings and occupied less ground area within the boundary wall, so leaving more yard space for exercise and work sheds. The gaol was surrounded by brick boundary wall 16 ft in height; and the yards in which the prison wards stood were divided from each other by brick walls 10 ft in height; and from the outer boundary wall by a strong open stockade fence. Between this fence and the wall, a roadway 20 ft wide provided additional security and provided a space which could be used as a means of inspection over yards, for drays, and for cleaning earth closets.</p><br>
<p>Tenders were called for the erection of a new gaol at Townsville in 1875 and the successful tenderer was contractor, J Rooney who was a major timber miller, builder and furniture maker in Queensland from the late 1860s-1938.These buildings were designed in blocks, two storeys in height, as being in the first place more economical in cost than one storey buildings and secondly as occupying less ground area within the boundary wall, so leaving more yard space for exercise, work sheds etc.</p><br>
<p>In May 1877, Stanley laid out the site for one of North Queenslands first gaols on part of the Botanical Gardens site occupied by the cricket club at the foot of Castle Hill. The walls and cells were completed for occupation by October 1878 and fully completed to include the gate house and gaolers house in 1880.</p><br>
<p>The gaol became overcrowded almost as soon as it was completed. In 1891, a new gaol at Stuart&#39;s Creek was erected and all male prisoners transferred. Females were transferred in 1896. In 1896 the old gaol was reallocated to the Police Department and underwent many alterations until 1955 when the Central State School was relocated to the site.</p><br>
<h3>Townsville Central State School</h3><br>
<p>In March 1869, four years after the settlement of Townsville, the first recognized school, the National School, was opened in a building that had been used as the Burdekin and Flinders Hospital on The Strand. The school began with 48 students with an average attendance for the year of 53. The school expanded in 1873 to include a girls&#39; school for which a new building was erected in 1874 and an infant school was established in 1876 with its new building erected in 1879. In 1878 over 200 girls were attending the school.</p><br>
<p>A new boys&#39; school was erected in 1889 and the two schools became known as the Townsville Central Schools. The school buildings suffered cyclone damage in 1896 and 1903 and a long history of the school not being adequately maintained is recorded in school records.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 amalgamation of the two Central schools was investigated and was considered to be straightforward due to their close proximity. At the time the enrolments stood at 214 boys and 316 girls. The Education Department refused the request then, but granted it in 1936. The two schools were closed and reopened four days later as the amalgamated Townsville Central State School on 30 June. A request for a new brick boys school was made in 1938 after the original boys school was condemned by the Works Department and approval was granted in 1940 for the construction of a new school to replace the existing Boys and Girls Schools.</p><br>
<p>The works were delayed, but following the Second World War, the Works Department was confronted with a need to accommodate an expanding student population caused by the post-war baby boom. Unlike the more formal and symmetrical plans of previous periods, plans were developed which tended to be asymmetrical and more open with interest developing in schemes which related to natural contours and existing vegetation. At Townsville Central State School, existing buildings and a strong planning arrangement were also taken into account.</p><br>
<p>Work on the new school commenced in 1954 and the school was occupied from 1955. The buildings were considered to be very attractive with ideal lighting and ventilation and the school was to become the "show" school for the region. Of the former gaol buildings, only the old gaolers and turnkeys quarters remained intact. An extensive program of grounds improvements was commenced the following year.</p><br>
<p>In 1957 the remaining gaol boundary wall was shortened with walkways cut into it for easier access. The womens cells were demolished at this time leaving only the ground floor slab. The administrative office, formerly the old gaolers and turnkeys quarters and then the office of the Superintendent of the Townsville Police District was renovated. A head teachers office, deputy head teacher&#39;s office, male staff room and typists office were accommodated on the ground floor with a female staff room, toilets and library accommodated on the first floor. A room upstairs was also allocated for when the speech teacher visited the school to conduct lessons. Works to the exterior included the removal of the roof vents, replacing of double-hung sashes, the addition of a balcony to the eastern elevation and brick flower boxes, to either side of the entrance.</p><br>
<p>The school population continued to increase and additional classrooms were constructed in 1960. Lawns were developed along the entire frontage of the school and numerous trees were planted in accordance with a plan prepared by the curator of the Botanical Gardens adjacent.</p><br>
<p>The new library was opened in 1978 and the school residence was removed in 1981 from the site adjacent facing Gregory Street where residential units are now located. The adventure playground was established in 1993 with funds raised by the Parents & Citizens Association.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The school is located on Warburton Street at North Ward on a 3.405 ha flat site facing east at the foot of Castle Hill. The brick fence with iron balustrade to Warburton street is covered by a hedge and lined with mature shade trees. The gardens contain a variety of equipment, mature and ornamental trees, garden beds and seating areas. The site is bound to the south by a residential unit development on Gregory Street. A car park with entrance from Gregory Street, to the Dental Clinic adjacent to the west side of the quadrangle wall is fenced off from the school and sit adjacent to the hospital reserve. The Botanical Gardens form the western boundary and a day care centre and a preschool are located along the northern boundary to Kennedy Street.</p><br>
<p>C Block is located on the site of the former men&#39;s cell block, "B" Block is positioned parallel to "C" block but on the opposite side of "A" Block. Both buildings are connected at first floor level to "A" block by means of a covered suspended concrete walkway. "D" Block has been designed to follow the curve of the old prison wall and the library, whilst rectangular in plan is located similarly adjacent to the wall. A large proportion of the quadrangle is retained between these buildings and is used for assembly and other activities.</p><br>
<p>A Block is the former Gaolers and Turnkeys quarters that was later adapted for the Police Superintendent&#39;s use before becoming the administration building for the school. It houses administrative functions on the ground floor and the staff room and some teaching facilities on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>It is a two storey rendered masonry building with a hipped corrugated iron roof. The building, of modest scale, has a symmetrical plan form with large entrance foyer which was once the check gate. Heavy masonry brackets provide support to the floor structure above. French doors, sidelights and fanlights have been fitted to the recessed basket arch openings at each end of this foyer. A projecting bay centred at the north houses a secondary exit and the stairwell. The exterior is articulated with horizontal brick bands at sill height, window head height to the ground floor and floor height to the first floor. Windows to the ground floor are round arched heads with double hung six light sashes and timber shutters, windows to the first floor are have square heads and six light sashes. Ceilings are lined with fibrous cement sheeting and timber battens.</p><br>
<p>B Block and "C" Block are highset school buildings, not dissimilar in general design and planning to the prefabricated Boulton and Paul timber school building. Both buildings are constructed of brick with expressed horizontal mortar joints, gabled roofs of corrugated asbestos cement sheeting with concrete fin walls to support the verandahs.</p><br>
<p>Both buildings have classrooms with timber hopper windows from sill to ceiling to the long elevation facing west and with louvres fitted to the inside verandah wall to the east. "B" block contains one floor of classrooms and "C" block, a much larger scale building, has two floors of classrooms. The ground floor of each building houses toilet facilities with the remainder used for undercover play and lunch areas.</p><br>
<p>D block, constructed post 1976, is a single storey building of brick construction with a corrugated iron skillion roof. This classroom building has been constructed adjacent to the former gaol wall and its plan curves to match the radius of the wall.</p><br>
<p>The library, completed in 1980, is a single storey brick building with a skillion roof and rectangular plan form is located at the rear of the quadrangle adjacent to the former gaol wall.</p><br>
<p>The height of the curved former gaol varies around the site but has an average height of approximately 1200mm. East of "C" Block, a long portion of the concrete bases survives about 600mm high. Part of the wall was removed to accommodate "C" Block. The wall has been retained for the length of "D" block and is continuous to its southern end with the exception of two small openings for access to the dental clinic and play grounds The slab for the sentry tower is located at the opening adjacent to "D" block.</p><br>
<p>The concrete slab of the female cell block survives in the quadrangle with the outline of each of the cells clearly visible in the slab. White lines have been painted on the slab which is used as the handball court. Basketball courts and a pond are also located within the quadrangle. Outside the quadrangle are a rainforest, beach volleyball court, an adventure playground, preschool, tennis court, oval, cricket wicket, tractor shed and bush tucker garden.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Townsville Central State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 October 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As the location of Townsvilles first gaol constructed in 1878, Townsville Central State School provides important early evidence of the consolidation of Townsville as a government administrative centre in northern Queensland, and with the former Gaolers and Turnkey&#39;s quarters and boundary wall, provides evidence of the early use of brick in Townsville. It is significant as an example of the work of colonial architect FDG Stanley and of the early work of the Townsville-based, north Queensland building firm, J & J Rooney.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It is also important for the evidence that survives of the gaol and the principles of its radiating design, and as an archaeological site, has the potential reveal information about the earlier functioning of the place as a gaol.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is also important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a new form of tropical school architecture and planning.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Through the use of creative planning concepts including the incorporation of the surviving features of the former gaol into the school design, Townsville Central State School, together with its picturesque setting and mature shade trees at the foot of Castle Hill, demonstrates aesthetic attributes that contribute to the amenity of the school and to the townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>Through the use of creative planning concepts including the incorporation of the surviving features of the former gaol into the school design, Townsville Central State School, together with its picturesque setting and mature shade trees at the foot of Castle Hill, demonstrates aesthetic attributes that contribute to the amenity of the school and to the townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Townsville Central State School is a "show" school valued by the community as an important part of their cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Dangerous Reef is an island and reef system located in Spencer Gulf in the Australian state of South Australia about 32.5 km east-south east of the city of Port Lincoln. It is the southernmost member of the Sir Joseph Banks Group. It has been the site of a navigation aid since 1911. It is notable as the site of a breeding colony of Australian sea lions. The waters adjoining its shore are notable as a place to view great white sharks to the extent that it was both a popular gamefishing and shark cage diving venue during the twentieth century, and was used to film footage for the following motion pictures - Blue Water White Death and Jaws. The island has enjoyed protected area status since 1900 and it has been part of the Sir Joseph Banks Group Conservation Park since 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Dangerous Reef is located in Spencer Gulf about 32.5 km east-south east of the city of Port Lincoln, about 9 nmi north-northeast of Observatory Point on the northeast coast of Thistle Island and is about 17.5 km east of the nearest point of the mainland on the Eyre Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>Officially, it is described in one source as being a “reef.”</p><br>
<p>Dangerous Reef itself is described as consisting of “a chain of four large rocks” with the tallest reaching a height of 3 m with the remainder being “barely dry” at low tide as well as some other “small rocks.” At high tide, the island/reef system has an area of dry land covering about 12 hectare while at low tide, the system dries to an area of about 100 acre.</p><br>
<p>Access to the island/reef system which is subject to permission by the responsible government agency due to the island group’s protected area status (refer below) is either via boat or helicopter.</p><br>
<h2>Formation, geology and oceanography</h2><br>
<p>Dangerous Reef was formed about 8400 years ago following the rise of sea levels at the start of the Holocene.</p><br>
<p>The island/reef system consists of an “isolated inselberg ridge” formed of “much eroded peneplained granite or granite gneiss belonging to the Lincoln Complex of granitic rocks intruded during the Kimban Orogeny, 1600 to 1800 Ma.” As of 1982, it was reported that the island/reef system has no soil apart from that derived as the “broken down by-product of sea-lion and seabird excrement”. The island/reef system extends from the “largest rock” for a distance of 0.75 nmi to the west and for a distance of 2.5 nmi to the south-east. The south-eastern end of the reef system is reported as experiencing waves that “break heavily.” Water depths greater than 18.3 m are reported within 2.5 nmi of the reef system.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>As of 1982, only the “largest rock” was vegetated and this consisted of two plant species - Mueller&#39;s Saltbush and Leafy Peppercress.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Vertebrate animals are represented by mammals and birds. A breeding colony of Australian sea lions which is located on the “largest rock” was reported in 1994 as being the second largest colony for this species of pinniped. As of 1982, the island/reef system also supports breeding colonies of black-faced shag, silver gull and Pacific gull.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>European use</h3><br>
<h4>Discovery</h4><br>
<p>Dangerous Reef was discovered and named by the British navigator, Matthew Flinders, on 19 March 1802. While the name of the reef is attributed to Flinders in official sources, it has been suggested by Ernest Scott, the historian and the author of book, The Life of Captain Matthew Flinders R.N., that Dangerous Reef is an example of a feature for which Flinders wrote a descriptive remark about on his charts, i.e. to identify it as a navigation hazard. The descriptive remark for this and other features have been retained and subsequently used as the name of the features on charts and maps.</p><br>
<h4>Guano mining</h4><br>
<p>Dangerous Reef is one of the island sites from which guano was mined under licence from the South Australian Government prior to 1919.</p><br>
<h4>Navigation aids</h4><br>
<p>A navigation aid has been in place on the “largest rock” since 1911.</p><br>
<h4>Great white sharks</h4><br>
<p>The waters adjoining Dangerous Reef are notable as a place of aggregation for great white sharks. It was a popular site for gamefishing from early in the 20th century until 1997 when the great white shark became a protected species in Australia. Notable gamefishers who visited the waters around Dangerous Reef included the Australian radio personality, Jack Davey, in 1952 and the American novelist, Zane Grey, in 1939. In 1969, the island/reef system was one of the sites used for filming of the great white shark documentary, Blue Water White Death. In 1974, footage of live sharks used in the 1975 American film, Jaws was filmed at Dangerous Reef by Ron Taylor. From the 1970s up until 2002, Dangerous Reef was one of the sites used in South Australia for shark cage diving where tourists could observe sharks from within the water.</p><br>
<h2>Protected area status</h2><br>
<p>Dangerous Reef first received protected area status on 29 April 1909 as a bird protection district declared under the Birds Protection Act 1900. Since 1989, it has been part of the Sir Joseph Banks Group Conservation Park including the waters within 2 km of the island group’s shoreline for the purpose of managing shark cage diving activity. Since 2012, the waters adjoining the island group have also been part of a sanctuary zone within the Sir Joseph Banks Group Marine Park.</p><br>
<p>The Marine Hospital is a historic medical facility at 331 Veranda Road  on Martins Point in Portland, Maine. Built in the late 1850s to a design by Ammi B. Young, it is the only known surviving Marine Hospital  of the period to retain original iron railings. The building is now part of the Portland campus of the Martins Point Health Care medical practice. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Marine Hospital building occupies a prominent hilltop on Martins Point, a peninsular projection in eastern Portland that marks the southern side of the mouth of the Presumpscot River at Casco Bay. The larger and lower modern Martins Point Health Care building stands to the southeast, with the main entrance rotary to the buildings northeast. The Marine Hospital is a three story structure, built with load-bearing brick walls and granite trim. It has a roughly H-shaped plan, with granite quoining at the corners, and a multi-stage projecting cornice that includes a band of bracketing. Windows are typically sash, set in rectangular openings with granite lintels and sills. The southwest facade is nine bays wide, with the central five bays taken up by a stack of balconies, which have cast iron railings that are original to the buildings construction. The porches are topped by a projecting roof section that continues the elaborate cornice.</p><br>
<p>The hospital was built in 1855-59 by the federal government, as part of the Marine Hospital Service, which provided medical care to sick and disabled seamen. The building was designed by Ammi B. Young, then the supervising architect of the United States Treasury Department. Young was responsible for designing a significant number of federal buildings in this role, including several marine hospitals; this building is the only one of those buildings to survive with its ironwork (one of Young&#39;s signature features) relatively intact.</p><br>
<p>The Marine Hospital Service was created by Congress in 1798, and there was an active service in Portland, Maines largest port, by 1805. This hospital was built on the site of the Veranda Hotel, which burned in 1847. It served as a hospital until 1952, and in 1956 it became a Marine Corps Reserve Training Center. Before becoming part of Martins Point Health Care, it was also used as an outpatient clinic of the United States Public Health Service.</p><br>
<p>The Wilmington Village Historic District encompasses a significant portion of the village center of Wilmington, Vermont. The village grew as a crossroads industrial center through the mid-19th century, and experienced relatively little growth afterward. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Wilmington is located in rural southern Windham County, with its village center at the junction of Vermont Routes 9 and 100. Route 9 is the principal east-west route across southern Vermont, and Route 100 is the principal north-south route traversing the state on the eastern flank of the Green Mountains. The two roads meet at the North Branch Deerfield River, which historically provided the power for the village&#39;s industries. The historic district extends along Route 9 from Beaver Street in the east to the Valley Trail in the west, and along Route 100 from Beaver Street in the south to just beyond Lisle Hill Road in the north. The district has 59 historically significant buildings, and only five that are not. Most of these buildings were built in the 19th century, in vernacular versions of popular architectural styles. Particularly sophisticated buildings include the Crafts Inn and Memorial Hall, both turn of the 20th century buildings attributed to McKim, Mead & White.</p><br>
<p>The town of Wilmington was chartered in 1757, with a second conflicting charter issued in 1764. This delayed development of the town until the 1770s. The original town center was located on top of Lisle Hill, northeast of the present village, but was relocated when the confluence of stage routes and the river provided economic impetus for its move. Some of the village&#39;s buildings were physically moved as part of the transition. The stage route that became Route 9 was built through the area in 1831, and mills (none of which have survived) lined the river.</p><br>
<p>Storvatnet  is the biggest lake on Averøya island in Norway. It is located between the small urban areas of Bådalen and Bruhagen. Storvatnet has an area of 0,76 km and its maximum width/length is 1,2 by 1,1 kilometres. Storvatnet is a drinking water reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Islets</h2><br>
<p>There are two islets on Storvatnet. The first is Storvassholmen ("the islet on the big lake"), also called Ebbelholmen. It is named after the late district doctor, Ebbel, who owned the islet until the 1970s. The other islet is Litjvassholmen (meaning "the small islet on the big lake".) A low uninhabited islet, Grasholmen ("the grass islet") is located to the north in the lake. It is flooded during wet periods.</p><br>
<h2>Drainage basin and river mouths</h2><br>
<p>Storvatnets biggest drainage basin is located southeast in the area of Haukåsvatnet, Ramsdalen and Straumsetra. Storvatnet and Haukåsvatnet are connected through Stokkåa. The outlying land southwest of the Nørdkullen ("North hill") and the Haukåshaugen ("Hawk hill pile") forms the drainage basin for Storvatnet. Storvatnets outgoing river mouth in the Gammelfossen waterfall.</p><br>
<h2>Dam</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1800s, Storvatnet was a water reservoir for the mill "Lyhs-mølla", which was built by the Gammelfossen waterfalls. The water level of Storvatnet was controlled in the dam by logs piled to form an adjustable barrier in an opening in the waterfall. In the 70&#39;s, the Storvatnet was permanently barraged by the local water company.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>As a drinking water reservoir, swimming is prohibited. The surrounding areas are popular hiking areas and the lake it is popular for recreational fishing. The only access to the small islets (except via the ice during winter) is by rowing boats. In recent years, small sailing boats have been observed on the Storvatnet.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The area surrounding Storvatnet has rich animal and bird life. The population of deer increased in the 60s and 70s, and deer and roe deer are common. Predators such as fox, mink and otter are common as well. Many seabirds species use the Storvatnet and the vicinity for nesting. The white-tailed eagle is often seen there and is their nesting area.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The McKee Bridge is a covered bridge in Jackson County in the USA state of Oregon. Built on land donated by Adelbert  McKee, a stage station operator, the bridge originally carried a road over the Applegate River that linked the Blue Ledge Copper Mine to Jacksonville. The site originally included an ore-hauler rest stop, about halfway between the mine and the city, where relief horses were stationed. The bridge, about 8 mi north of the California border, carried mining and logging traffic from the year of its construction, 1917, through 1956.</p><br>
<p>Since 1956, area residents, assisted at times by government funding, have maintained the bridge, which is used by pedestrians but not by motor vehicles. McKee Picnic Ground in the Rogue River – Siskiyou National Forest is at the west end of the bridge along the river. The picnic ground and bridge are about 8.5 mi south of Ruch along Applegate Road.</p><br>
<p>The McKee Bridge Historical Society, a nonprofit organization dedicated to maintaining the pedestrian bridge, lists the height of the bridge at 45 ft, which makes it the highest of the four remaining covered bridges in Jackson County. It is also the longest and oldest of the four.</p><br>
<p>Closed completely for three years because of rot in structural components as well as damage to the roof, the bridge reopened in June 2015 after major renovations. Grants totaling about $600,000 from the Federal Highway Administration, supplemented by matching funds of about $60,000 raised by the McKee Bridge Historical Society, paid for the project. Mowat Construction Company of Woodinville, Washington, carried out the rehabilitation.</p><br>
<p>St Joseph&#39;s Church is a heritage-listed Roman Catholic church at Fryer Street, North Ward, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Charles Dalton Lynch and Walter Hunt and built from 1920 to 1921 by Joseph Rooney. It is also known as St Joseph on The Strand. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 November 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Joseph&#39;s Church was designed by Townsville architectural firm Charles Dalton Lynch and Walter Hunt, and was constructed by Townsville building firm Rooney Ltd in 1920-1921.</p><br>
<p>The new settlement of Cleveland Bay, established in 1864 at the mouth of Ross Creek, was part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brisbane. The first priest in the northern section of the new diocese was Fr William McGinty who established a parish centred on Bowen. Fr McGinty first visited Townsville (Cleveland Bay) in 1866 where he performed baptisms on 16 February and said Mass on the following Sunday in the Court and Customs House on Melton Hill.</p><br>
<p>It was not until 1872 that the parish of Townsville was established with Fr Connolly as parish priest. The first church in the new parish, St Joseph&#39;s, was opened by Fr Connolly in 1872. The new timber building was located on The Strand close to the site of the present church. This church, which was the first constructed in the town, was destroyed by flood waters which swept the building out to sea during torrential rain in 1892.In 1878, because of the vastness of the Queensland Vicariate, Bishop James Quinn, Bishop of Queensland, proposed that three new dioceses be established with one centred on Townsville. However, in 1882 only one new Queensland diocese was established with Rockhampton as its centre. Townsville waited a further fifty-two years before a diocese was established in the north.</p><br>
<p>Despite the disappointment Catholics in Townsville continued planning for the establishment of a Townsville Diocese. A great deal of work was done to establish Catholic institutions, religious orders and new parishes in the north Queensland portion of the Rockhampton Diocese. Part of this expansion included the construction of new schools and churches, including the Sacred Heart Cathedral, which was planned to be the cathedral church of the hoped-for Townsville diocese.</p><br>
<p>Because of the focus on the expansion of the Catholic Church across North Queensland during the later part of the nineteenth century, planning for a new St Joseph&#39;s Church did not begin until 1918. The new building was designed by Townsville architectural firm CD Lynch and Walter Hunt. The foundation stone was laid by Bishop of Rockhampton Joseph Shiel in January 1919. The building was constructed by Joseph Rooney of the well known north Queensland building firm of Rooneys Ltd. The new church was opened on Sunday 10 July 1921 by Bishop Shiel with Archbishop of Brisbane James Duhig in attendance.</p><br>
<p>The new church, which faced Fryer Street, was located close to the site of the original church which had faced the Strand. The altar, which was designed by parish priest Monsignor Bourke, was crafted by Joseph Rooney in memory of Matthew Rooney and his wife and daughter, who lost their lives when the ship Yongala sank off Cape Cleveland in 1911.</p><br>
<p>Since the construction of the first church on the site in 1872, St Josephs Church and parish has been a focus for Catholic community worship and activity. Key church organisations have been located close by, including the parish presbytery, a Catholic orphanage, St Josephs Primary School (established in 1875) and St Patrick&#39;s Secondary Day/Boarding School (established in 1905).</p><br>
<p>Small extensions, which were added to the church in the 1950s, increased the size of the rooms on either side of the altar. Some changes were made to the interior layout in the 1980s. The creation of a raised platform with a modern altar was in keeping with the changes recommended by the Second Vatican Council. These changes saw the removal of some pews and most of the statues; however the Rooney Commemorative Altar was not removed.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Joseph&#39;s Church, a reinforced concrete structure with a corrugated iron gable roof to the nave and lower skillion roofs to the side aisles, is located on a level site fronting Fryer Street to the southeast. The church consists of the original central section which has had arcades added to both sides with vestries at the rear.</p><br>
<p>The southeast elevation is a symmetrical composition with a central pointed arch entrance with timber doors flanked by lancet shaped niches. The central entrance is surmounted by a large plate tracery window which comprises five lancets surmounted by two quatrefoils and a central foil with eight sections, and framed by an expressed moulding. A crucifix window is located above this window, and a small crucifix surmounts the gable parapet. The central section of this elevation is flanked by paired buttresses which separate the lower side aisles. The side aisles each have a pointed arch entrance with timber doors surmounted by a crucifix window. The side aisles are framed by paired buttresses (originally a single buttress, with the second buttress added as part of the side arcade). The church is accessed via concrete steps fronting Fryer Street. A marble foundation stone is located adjacent to the main entrance.</p><br>
<p>Both side elevations are similar, and each consists of a pointed arch arcade with parapet concealing a skillion roof to the side aisle. The pointed arches are separated by pilasters which extend above the parapet giving a castellated effect. Each arcade has a concrete floor, and a vestry is located at the rear. The windows to the side aisles are separated by buttresses, and consist of triple leadlight lancets with lower casements sections set in a pointed arch composition. Paired timber doors housed in a pointed arch open from the side aisle to the arcade. Each vestry projects from the arcade, and the side wall has six narrow pointed lancet windows, and a pointed arch timber door opens to the rear. The clerestory to the nave has paired leadlight lancets set in a pointed arch recess. The southwestern side has a concrete ramp with metal handrail accessing the arcade.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the building has less decorative mouldings with buttresses separating two leadlight windows, each of which consists of tall paired lancets either side of the central altar. A circular leadlight window with central quatrefoil is located at the top of the gable. The location of original doors is evidenced by pointed arch recesses at the rear of the side aisles.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has a timber gallery above the entrance accessed by a corner timber stair with turned balusters. The side aisles are separated from the nave by concrete columns surmounted by pointed arches with expressed mouldings. The building has a concrete floor, and the nave has a scissor braced King-post roof with curved side braces and lined with diagonal boarding.</p><br>
<p>The church has a highly decorative carved timber altar, set against the rear wall on a raised platform, comprising a tiered arrangement of pointed arch niches housing statues and surmounted by a crucifix. The rear wall has timber panelling to the height of the column capital, and the northeastern side aisle has a carved timber altar and timber altar rail. A memorial plaque to Monsignor Bourke is located on the wall of the northeastern side aisle. Church furniture includes timber pews and decorative Stations of the Cross.</p><br>
<p>The Fryer Street boundary is fenced with concrete pillars with pointed arch recesses and metal palisade panels.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Joseph&#39;s Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 26 November 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Joseph&#39;s Church, erected in 1920-21 with additions carried out in the 1950s, is important in demonstrating the establishment and growth of the Catholic Church in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>St Joseph&#39;s Church exhibits the principal characteristics of a Roman basilica, is of aesthetic significance and makes an important contribution to the Fryer Street streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The church has a particularly fine interior, including a finely crafted altar, scissor truss roof, choir gallery and leadlight windows. The Church, constructed of reinforced concrete, is an early example of the adoption of this building material for the cyclone enforced renewal of churches in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>St Josephs Church is significant for its special association with the Townsville parish, the first Catholic parish established in North Queensland after settlement. St Josephs Church is the second church erected at the site and is significant for its strong and special association as a centre of Catholic worship and community life since the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>the altar has a special association with Joseph Rooney. The altar, which was designed by parish priest Monsignor Bourke, was crafted by Joseph Rooney in memory of Matthew Rooney and his wife and daughter, who lost their lives when the ship Yongala sank off Cape Cleveland in 1911.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The church is an important example of the work of Townsville architectural firm of CD Lynch and Walter Hunt, and north Queensland building firm Rooney Ltd.</p><br>
<p>Mount Fox in the Selkirk Mountains of Canada was named, by William Green, in honour of Harry Fox who perished with William Donkin and two Swiss guides, in the Caucasus. Mount Donkin is nearby.</p><br>
<p>Harry Fox (30 September 1856 – on or after 30 August 1888) was an English gentleman (also lived at Tone Dale House, Wellington, Somerset, England) who was a sportsman and adventurer. He played cricket and rugby for his country, and began climbing mountains in the mid-1880s.</p><br>
<p>In 1884 he started mountaineering, and within two years he was well known in the mountain climbing community, and a well-regarded alpine explorer. In 1888, he travelled with William Frederick Donkin to the Caucasus Mountains in the Russian Empire in a bid to be the first people to climb Koshtan-Tau, but the pair, along with their Swiss guides, died in an accident.</p><br>
<p>For the purposes of his will, Fox&#39;s death was recorded as being "on or since the 30th August, 1888, at some place unknown."</p><br>
<p>The Blake House  is a historic house at 107 Court Street in Bangor, Maine. Built in 1858 to a design by local architect Calvin Ryder, it is one of the first Second Empire houses to be built in the state of Maine. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 31, 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house is located in a residential area northwest of downtown Bangor, on the northeast side of Court Street opposite Boynton Street, and next door to the historic Samuel Farrar House. It is a 2-1/2 story wood-framed structure, with a flared mansard roof, and a flushboarded exterior that has been scored and treated to resemble stone. The roof is pierced by a dormers, most of which have segmented-arch tops. The center section of the three-bay front facade projects slightly, and is topped by a large dormer with a round-arch window at its center. The entrance is sheltered by an ornately decorated porch with square posts and a bracketed and dentillated cornice. First floor sash windows are topped by bracketed cornices, while second floor windows are framed by eared hoods.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1858 for William Blake, a wealthy Bangor merchant, by his brother-in-law, Boston architect Calvin Ryder. It is probably one of the first buildings of the Second Empire style built in the state, and typifies the high-style houses built for Bangor&#39;s elite in the years before the American Civil War. The house now houses professional offices.</p><br>
<p>The River Hertford is a river in Yorkshire in the north of England. It is part of the River Derwent catchment area. The River Hertford starts close to Muston near the seaside town of. Despite being only 2 km from the North Sea  the river flows westwards for 16 km into the River Derwent at Haybridge. It is sometimes referred to as a Backward River because it flows away from the sea. Ekwall suggests the name derives from a ford over the river, which became the name by back formation.</p><br>
<p>Star Carr, a Mesolithic archaeological site, lies close to the river. Star Carr was on the edge of a nine-thousand year old Stone Age wetland known a Lake Flixton. This area is now known as the River Hertford Floodplain and extends from Muston in the east to Ganton in the west.</p><br>
<p>Originally the river meandered, but in the 19th century an act was passed (The Muston & Yedingham Drainage Act 1800) which meant that the River Derwent and the River Hertford were straightened by cutting a new course for each. The Hertford was hand dug during the industrial revolution (local stories hold that the men who dug the new channel were prisoners from the Napoleonic Wars).</p><br>
<p>The River Hertford catchment suffers from the discharges of three sewage plants at Folkton, Hunmanby and Seamer. This not only affects the quality of the river but also that of the Derwent downstream of Haybridge.</p><br>
<p>The Wireless Station is a historic government telecommunications facility at East Manor and Boyd Streets in Anchorage, Alaska. The property includes three buildings  that were used to maintain radio communications in the Anchorage area, with ships at sea, and as a communications link to Seattle, Washington as part of military WAMCATS telecommunications system. The three buildings are single-story frame structures with clapboard siding. The original 1917 building has a cupola, that when illuminated, originally served as a beacon for ships seeking to reach the Anchorage port. The station saw active service until the early 1950s, and have stood vacant since the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The station complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Boer War Veterans Memorial Kiosk and Lissner Park is a heritage-listed memorial at Bridge Street, Charters Towers, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1883 to 1988. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A Temporary Reserve for Public Recreation of 18 acres 3 roods 34 perches, bounded by Anne, Deane, Bridge and Church Streets, Charters Towers, was proclaimed on 15 May 1883. In 1888 the reserve was named Lissner Park after Isidor Lissner, a Charters Towers businessman and politician and later a minister in the 1893 Griffith Ministry. Discovered in late 1871, Charters Towers became the richest of the North Queensland mining fields. The field was proclaimed a town in 1877, and by the early 1880s was a prosperous settlement which made a major contribution to the social, political and economic development of North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The predominant vegetation of the Charters Towers district was Eucalyptus woodland and open Eucalyptus woodland, which was quickly destroyed as timber was felled and used as shoring for the mines, for building purposes, and as fuel for the Cornish boilers. Concern that the environment was being destroyed led to protests about the loss of vegetation from leading citizens, including Anglican Bishop Gilbert White and Isidore Lissner MLA. As a result of the devastation and in keeping with the prevailing belief that the development of gardens improved the moral character and social well being of the community, Lissner encouraged the Charters Towers Municipal Council to request that a reserve be set aside for recreation and botanical purposes.</p><br>
<p>A Temporary Reserve for Public Recreation, proclaimed on 15 May 1885, was placed under "the control of the Municipal Council" and on 17 August 1891 the park became a permeant reserve with the Municipal Council appointed as trustees.</p><br>
<p>The park was named after Isidor Siegfried Lissner who arrived in Charters Towers in 1873 after living for some time on mining fields in southern Australia. During his time in Charters Towers Lissner developed a financial empire based on mining and commercial interests. He took a keen interest in community affairs and pushed for the establishment of sporting facilities and public amenities such as Lissner Park. At the urging of his friend Robert Philp he stood for the seat of Charters Towers in 1883. After his election to the Queensland Legislative Assembly, he became a strong advocate for better community services for the municipality and he won the approval of the community when he opposed the introduction of cheap Asian, Kanaka and German labour into the mining and sugar industries. Lissner was also a supporter of the North Queensland Separation Movement and he became Minister for Mines and Public Works in 1893.</p><br>
<p>Development of the park was funded by government grants of £350 in 1885 and £175 in 1889. Early work included clearing stumps and rubbish, leveling the ground and tree planting. Tenders were called for a gardener in June 1889 after the first plantings died. The new gardener replanted the park with trees supplied by Ben Gulliver of Acacia Vale Nursery in Townsville. While Ben Gulliver was actively involved in supplying plants to several botanical gardens in North Queensland there is no evidence that Lissner Park was developed as a botanical gardens. Some of the Gulliver trees which still survive include tamarinds, figs, various palms and pine trees.</p><br>
<p>The public quickly saw the value of an area reserved for recreation and took advantage of the cleared ground to build a cricket pitch. Attending concerts in the park became a favourite evening pastime as well. As the popularity of attending social and musical events in the park grew, the Lissner Park Committee, set up to raise funds to oversee the development of the reserve, suggested that a Band Pavilion Fund be established to pay for the construction of a pavilion. In 1889, Charters Towers architect William George Smith jnr, designed a structure which cost £250 to build. The design was octagonal with a 48 ft diameter platform in the centre for the band. Around this stage there was space for dancing or for seating. The corrugated iron roof was supported by ornamental iron pillars and provision was made in the design for curtains to be let down to protect the band if rain fell.</p><br>
<p>Other celebrations held in the park included Queen Victoria&#39;s Jubilee, the birth of Federation, memorial events at the death of Queen Victoria and events to honour people who went to the Boer War and World War I.</p><br>
<p>During the Boer War a South African Patriotic Fund was established in Charters Towers to assist families and soldiers affected by the war in Africa. £1200 was left in the fund after the war and the Municipal Council suggested that a kiosk be built in Lissner Park as a memorial to Charters Towers people who served in the war. In 1909 the Council offered a prize for the best design for a Memorial Kiosk. Mr F Jorgensen, Director of the Technical College, won the competition, however, during construction his design was slightly altered when the floor design of the Australian Flag and the Union Jack, to be created in tiles, was removed because it was seen as inappropriate that people would walk on the flags. It is not know who built the kiosk but the iron work was supplied by local foundry Walton & Millgate. An honour board, erected at the western end of the kiosk, contains the names of those soldiers from the district who lost their lives during the Boer War. Over 7000 people attended the opening ceremony and enjoyed the promenade concert after the opening by Mayor Sydney Hood Thorp. The celebrations lasted all day and during the evening the band rotunda, fountain and kiosk were brightly lit for the concert.</p><br>
<p>Because the park had become a recognised central gathering place it became the obvious location for protest meetings in the late 1880s and early 1890s. On 24 March 1889 a vocal group from the Charters Towers Mining Union met in the park to pass a resolution asking the government to amend the 1884 Land Act to give miners the right to mine lease hold land. In another meeting in the park in July 1889 2500 miners and local people assembled to discuss and give support to the strikers at the Day Dawn PC Mine who were out on strike over measures taken by the owners to prevent gold being stolen. A gathering in August 1889 gave support to the government&#39;s proposal to introduce an eight-hour day and a meeting, called by the Charters Towers Branch of the Australian Labor Federation, met in the park on 1 March 1891. The issue under discussion was the need for a resolution of the dispute between shearers and pastoralists over working conditions and wages. The Lissner Park meeting requested that the government bring both parties together to resolve the issue and that conciliation boards be established by the government to settle such disputes in future.</p><br>
<p>Photographic evidence indicates that a bush house, which no longer exists, was constructed in April, 1891. A "tin" fountain, installed prior to 1910, was removed from the park in 1964 or 65 when the Lions Club built a ceramic tiled fountain. The original tin fountain, which no longer works, has recently been returned to the park. A small lake was constructed in 1911 and the toilets and lighting were extended in 1912.</p><br>
<p>A small zoo, which was constructed at the northern end of the park along Plummer St, is now being slowly removed because the care of animals is costly and time consuming. A new, smaller, animal enclosure was developed in 1988 on the site of the 1911 lake.</p><br>
<p>A memorial to Joseph and William Hann, early explorers and pastoralists in the Kennedy District, was erected in 1959 to celebrate the centenary of pastoral settlement. The stone used in the memorial was taken from Basalt River near the Bluff Downs homestead where William Hann first settled. Extensive concrete paths were constructed under the Red Scheme in the 1970s. These walkways follow the line of some earlier "cinder" paths which crisscrossed the park.</p><br>
<p>The recreation reserve was reduced in size in 1971 when a swimming pool was constructed at the northern end of the park on land bounded by Plummer and Church Streets. It was probably at this time that Mosman Creek, which now forms the boundary between the park and the pool, was lined with concrete and stone along the section bordering the park.</p><br>
<p>Some renovations to the kiosk were carried out in mid 1970. The Boer War Veterans Memorial Kiosk was entered on the Register of the National Estate in 1978 and in 1989 a National Estate Grant of $31,300 was awarded for conservation work on the kiosk.</p><br>
<p>The bandstand has recently been repaired and painted and the installation of an irrigation system to water the whole park has created a pleasant, cool environment which is being utilised by the local community and travellers.</p><br>
<p>Since at least 2010, Lissner Park has attracted large number of roosting flying foxes, which are disliked by the residents. However, they are a protected species and humane methods to discourage them have been ineffective.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Lissner Park</h3><br>
<p>Lissner Park is a recreational reserve of some 7 hectares. It is bounded by Anne, Church, Plummer, Deane and Bridge Streets, and is located three blocks to the north of Gill Street, the main street of Charters Towers. It is well grassed with a scattering of perimeter trees and remnant avenues, and a collection of structures and enclosures. The structures include the Band Rotunda and the Boer War Veterans Memorial Kiosk. The park is relatively flat, rising gently towards Anne Street to the south.</p><br>
<p>Mosman Creek separates the northern end of the park from the remainder. The central part of the park includes many of the park&#39;s structures and several mature trees including large figs. The southern end of the park is grassed, gently sloping and bound by perimeter trees. There is some remnants of a central axis formed by structures and planting. The trees within the park include figs, jacarandas, eucalypts, tamarinds, palms and silky oaks.</p><br>
<p>The Band Rotunda is located on the central axis of the park towards Mosman Creek. It is octagonal in plan with a corrugated iron pyramid roof and cast iron finial. Constructed in timber, it has posts paired at each corner and a cast iron fringe between. The chamferboard base is largely hidden by a small hedge. The structure is encircled by palm trees, and nearby are several large fig trees.</p><br>
<p>At the boundary to the west of the bandstand, are wrought iron gates with gate posts and some cast iron fence posts.</p><br>
<p>Further to the south of the bandstand, and also on the central axis is the remnant of the fountain. It is encircled by a ring of trees and a small bougainvillea hedge. The fountain is raised on a small platform, bound by a low concrete retaining wall with a moulded top. The fountain has a crucifix form in plan, is constructed from folded "tin" sheets, and exhibits evidence of removed decorative elements.</p><br>
<p>Other elements of the park include a playground, the 1959 memorial to William Hann, the 1988 fernery, the 1988 animal enclosure and the 1972 Rotary centenary pond.</p><br>
<p>Traversing the park, Mosman Creek is now lined with stone and concrete, and is crossed by two timber and steel footbridges. Across the creek two animal enclosures with some emus and a kangaroo. In the north-eastern corner is the Kennedy Regiment Memorial Swimming Pool which is not part of the park.</p><br>
<h3>Boer War Veterans Memorial Kiosk</h3><br>
<p>Standing to the west of the fountain is the Boer War Veterans Memorial Kiosk. It lies on an east-west axis, with both ends semicircular in plan, and is constructed in cast iron and steel.</p><br>
<p>The kiosk is an open structure, with an inner and outer ring of cast iron columns with Corinthian capitals. These support the red bellcast corrugated iron roof and encircling concave verandah. The roof is punctuated with three small louvred dormers to each side, and has ridge ventilators, cast iron cresting and flagstaffs at each end.</p><br>
<p>The outer ring of columns have cast iron brackets. To the south- western corner are panels of timber louvres between the columns.</p><br>
<p>Raised one step on a concrete plinth is the inner ring of columns. Running between these is a cast iron balustrade. Above is a series of steel struts providing the bracing.</p><br>
<p>At the western end of the kiosk, behind the louvres is a servery with marble benches. Above the benches are three marble plaques facing east, with gilded lettering naming some eighty local soldiers who served in the Boer War. Facing the kiosk at the eastern end are two canons.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Boer War Veterans Memorial Kiosk and Lissner Park was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Boer War Veterans Memorial Kiosk, constructed in 1909, is significant because it exemplifies a widespread social movement expressing Australian patriotism and nationalism during the early twentieth century and belongs to a class of commemorative memorials which record local community response to events such as war.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Boer War Veterans Memorial Kiosk, constructed in 1909, is significant because it exemplifies a widespread social movement expressing Australian patriotism and nationalism during the early twentieth century and belongs to a class of commemorative memorials which record local community response to events such as war.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Lissener Park has retained its fine Victorian character as a result of the survival of many of the trees supplied by Ben Gulliver, Townsville nurseryman and botanist.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The park has been a focus for community cultural and social activities since its inception and was the venue for commemorative events and for political gatherings during the turbulent years of the rise of the Labor Party during the last decade of the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Lissner Park, named after Queensland MLA and local businessman Isidor Lissner, is important as the earliest recreation venue in Charters Towers. The park, developed as a response to the prevailing belief that gardens improved the moral character and enhanced the social well being of the community, was established with the support of Lissner.</p><br>
<p>The Oregon Railway and Navigation Company Bridge is a railroad bridge in Lane County in the USA state of Oregon. Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, it formerly carried the tracks of the Southern Pacific Transportation Company over the McKenzie River southeast of Coburg. It has since become a pedestrian and bicycle bridge. The Whipple through truss bridge, resting on concrete supports, is 405 ft long, 25 ft wide, and 44 ft high.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1887 for the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company by George S. Morison and installed over the John Day River in north-central Oregon, it was bought by the Southern Pacific in 1907 and moved to the McKenzie River by the American Bridge Company. Made of iron, it replaced a wooden covered bridge constructed at the site in 1891. The earlier bridge, 380 ft long, was one of the longest such structures ever built. It replaced the function of Spores Ferry, which began operation a short distance upstream in 1847 and was an important crossing for wagon trains.</p><br>
<p>Coburg Road crosses the river on a highway bridge next to the railway bridge, and Interstate 5 crosses on a different highway bridge slightly further upstream. Armitage County Park, about 5 mi north of Eugene, is along the south side of the river near the bridges.</p><br>
<p>Suni Kira  is a 5,899 m volcano in Bolivia. It is located in the Potosí Department, Nor Lípez Province, Colcha "K" Municipality, and in the Sud Lípez Province, San Pablo de Lípez Municipality. It lies north of the Uturunku volcano.</p><br>
<p>The volcano rises 1,600 - above the surrounding terrain. Suni K&#39;ira is the source of an ignimbrite, and it features a caldera at the intersection of several faults. The volcano features cirques which were formerly considered to be craters, leading to the belief that eruptions occurred during the Holocene.</p><br>
<p>Rock samples taken from Suni K&#39;ira consist of andesite and dacite. The former contains latite and quartz and the latter biotite and hornblende.</p><br>
<p>Polylepis tarapacana trees grow on its slopes.</p><br>
<p>The Washington County Courthouse is located at 85 Court Street in Machias, the county seat of Washington County, Maine. Now home to the Machias District Court and other county offices, it is an 1853 Italianate brick building designed by Benjamin S. Deane and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Washington County Courthouse is located at the corner of Cooper and Court Streets in the center of Machias, between the Washington County Jail (to which it is now attached by a modern ell) and the local post office. It is a 2-1/2 story brick building, with a gabled roof and granite foundation. The roof is topped by a square tower whose second stage is an open belfry with round-arch openings and pilastered corners, with a bracketed cornice above. The front-facing gable is fully pedimented, with modillioned and dentillated eaves and cornice, and a round window at the center of the triangular pediment. First floor windows are set in segmented-arch openings that are surrounded by recessed panels. Second floor windows on the front and the first bay on the side are tall segmented-arch sash windows, that extend into the brickwork of the cornice, while other windows on the sides are shorter round-arch sash. The first and second floors are separated by a granite stringcourse, and the second-floor bays are articulated by brick pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was built in 1853 to a design by Bangor architect Benjamin S. Deane, an apparently self-trained architect originally from Thomaston. Deane is one of the first professional architects known to be working in Down East Maine, and is also credited with the Waldo County courthouse, a similar transitional Greek Revival-Italianate design.</p><br>
<p>The Ormsby-Kelly House is a historic residence located in Emmetsburg, Iowa, United States. The house was built for A.L. Ormsby who was a local banker who also had significant land holdings in Iowa and Canada. It is also associated with Bruce Bliven, who was a journalist who worked for the San Francisco Bulletin, the New York Globe and the Manchester Guardian before he became the editor of The New Republic. His mother was Ormsby&#39;s sister, and Bliven was born here in 1899 when the family was visiting. The family later bought their own house in town. The house is a two-story, brick Italianate structure. The main block was completed in 1876, and Ormsby built two additions onto the house in 1890. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Drift Creek Bridge is a covered bridge in Lincoln County in the USA state of Oregon. Built in 1914, the structure originally carried Drift Creek County Road over Drift Creek.</p><br>
<p>The original bridge, about 1.5 mi from the ocean, once carried the main north–south route along the coast. Newer bridges later carried most of the north–south traffic and, after a concrete bridge bypassed the Drift Creek Bridge in the 1960s, Lincoln County preserved it as a pedestrian crossing and a monument to 19th-century pioneers. In 1988, however, county officials closed the bridge entirely after rot and insect damage made the structure unsafe.</p><br>
<p>The county dismantled the bridge in 1997 and gave the timbers to Laura and Kerry Sweitz, who owned land 8 mi north of the Drift Creek site. In 2000, the Sweitz family rebuilt the bridge over Bear Creek and granted a permanent public easement at that site.</p><br>
<p>The original Howe truss bridge had board-and-batten siding, arched portals, and ribbon windows along the eaves. Before being dismantled, it was the closest covered bridge to the Oregon Coast. The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979</p><br>
<p>The Norton House Historic District encompasses two properties that formerly constituted the central portion of a suburban country estate in Falmouth, Maine. Located on Foreside Road, overlooking Casco Bay, the landscaped properties include a house and former carriage house designed by John Calvin Stevens and John Howard Stevens in 1912. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Until the early 20th century, the area known as Falmouth Foreside was a predominantly rural and agricultural area. By 1910 a full-scale conversion of the area to coastal estate homes was well underway, with landowners selling off coastal properties for development. The family of Ralph S. Norton, an insurance executive based in Portland, owned a small farm in the area, and Norton decided in 1911 to build a more substantial summer house on a high point overlooking Casco Bay. He retained John Howard Stevens, who developed a plan that included a house, carriage barn, and landscaped garden terraces. It is surmised that Carl Rust Parker, a prominent Portland landscape architect, was involved in the design of the grounds. The Norton estate was originally several hundred acres, most of which has since been subdivided (including the property of the Portland Yacht Club). Ownership of the house and barn was divided in 1967, after which the barn was converted to a residence.</p><br>
<p>The surviving Norton estate properties are accessed via private drive on the southeast side of Foreside Road (Maine State Route 88), between Old Powerhouse Road, which provides access to the yacht club, and Ramsdell Road. The drive is marked by a low stone wall with posts, and a small gatehouse on the right side, designed by John Howard Stevens. The main house is at the left side of the end of the drive, while the carriage barn is to the right. The house is a handsome 2-1/2 story structure, with an eclectic blend of Prairie School, Shingle, and Colonial Revival styles. Its interior finish is predominantly in Arts and Crafts styling that was fashionable at the time of its construction. The house&#39;s original view to the bay is now obscured by a house built on a subdivision of the estate.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of Addis building, a former bank that is now home to the Addis Museum, is a historic building in Addis, Louisiana.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bank was chartered in 1919 and built in 1920. It was a part of a thriving small town business area that had grow up around a division point for the Texas and Pacific Railroad. The building operated as the Bank of Addis until 1925 when the bank charter was amended to become the Port Allen Bank and Trust Company; the building then served as its Addis Branch. The branch closed around 1930. The building was vacant until 1936 when it was converted into a post office.</p><br>
<p>A grocery store was added to the post office and both operated until 1981. The Town of Addis purchased the building in 1984 and converted it into a community museum. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The bank is a small one story brick building. The exterior features an entrance porch with two large pillars, a corbelled brick cornice, and a stepped parapet with cast concrete panels. The building faces the railroad tracks, and is the only surviving part of the former business district.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, only the bank vault remained from the bank&#39;s historic period.</p><br>
<p>The Arthur D. and Emma J. Wyatt House is a historic house at 125 Putney Road  in Brattleboro, Vermont. Built in 1894, it is one the state&#39;s finest examples of a mature Shingle style residence. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Wyatt House is located north of downtown Brattleboro, on the east side of US 5, between North Street and Bradley Avenue. It is a 2-1/2 story rectangular wood frame structure, oriented with its main facade to the south. Its roof is defined by large gambrel gables at the sides, with gambrel dormers and a larger gambrel projection on the main facade. The roof extends over a recessed porch on the south side, and there is a rounded single-story projecting bay on the street-facing west side, whose roof is a continuation of the shingles that side the exterior.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1893-94, a boom period of growth in the city, and has been relatively little-altered since. It was designed as a collaboration between Arthur Wyatt, a photographer, and Francis Cabot, a Boston-based architect who was from Brattleboro, and was at the time the northernmost house on Brattleboro&#39;s Main Street. It is distinguished from other Shingle style houses in the state for its general lack of Queen Anne and Stick style elements, which are more often found. The house is accompanied by a complete set of original design drawings.</p><br>
<p>The Kansas City Southern Depot is a former Kansas City Southern Railway station located at the intersection of Spanish and Port Arthur Streets in Zwolle, Louisiana. Built in 1914, the depot is the only surviving building connected to the railroad in Zwolle. The railroad was built through the Zwolle area in 1896, and the town was founded shortly thereafter; the 1914 depot was a replacement for the towns original station. The railway station was an important shipping center for the towns lumber industry; lumber was Sabine Parish&#39;s chief export from the early 1900s through the 1940s, and the railroad made Zwolle one of the two main milling towns in the parish.</p><br>
<p>The depot was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 7, 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Kansas City Southern Railway Depot is a historic former Kansas City Southern Railway station located at 750 West Georgia Avenue in Many, Louisiana. The depot was built in 1929 to replace the original depot, which opened in 1896 when the railroad was completed through the town. The Spanish Colonial Revival building features arched parapets atop projecting walls and corner piers with curved decorative pieces on top. Manys economy and municipal government were revitalized by the railways completion, and the station brought both passengers and freight to and from the town. The local lumber industry, the chief export of Sabine Parish, shipped its products out through the station, and a small business district grew around the station.</p><br>
<p>The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 22, 2000. At the time, it was used by the Sabine Council on Aging.</p><br>
<p>The Hebert House is a historic house located near the intersection of Greenhouse Lane and Highway 3056 in Cameron Parish, Louisiana. Built circa 1840 for cattleman Alexander Hebert, the house is one of the oldest remaining buildings in Southwest Louisiana. The house has a French Creole design; while common in Louisiana, the style is rare in its southwestern corner, which has few examples of styles predating Queen Anne architecture. The design features a large, steep gable roof, braced frame construction filled in with bousillage, and a brick cornice. The house&#39;s interior has a typical Acadian Creole layout, with a four-room first floor with no hall and a single-room second floor for sleeping.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 8, 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Hardacre Theater is a historic building located in the central business district of Tipton, Iowa, United States. The theater was originally built as an opera house and its construction was funded by the estate of Jacob Hardacre. Hardacre was a member of a fraternal organization, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows , and it was stipulated that the building was to be used for their functions as well. The theater was opened in 1914, and it was converted into a movie house in 1919. There is seating for 264 on the main floor and an additional 132 seats in the balcony. The present marquee was erected by the Iowa Neon Sign Company of Des Moines in 1948. The I.O.O.F. sold the theater to Louie and Virginia Cook in 1978. It continued to serve as a movie theater, and it hosted its own film festival until it closed in August 2013. The Hardacre Theater Preservation Association bought the theater in 2014. They are renovating the theater to accommodate digital movie equipment, to return it to a live performing arts theater, and to provide space to host community events. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Battleship Maine Monument is a memorial marker in Davenport Park, Bangor, Maine. It commemorates veterans of the Spanish–American War, and the loss of the USS Maine due to an explosion of unknown cause, which sparked the start of the war. Placed in 1922, it includes the shield and scrolls of the Maine, which were recovered from its wreckage in the harbor of Havana, Cuba. The memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. Of several memorials to that war and the loss of the Maine, it is the most elaborate in the state.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Battleship Maine Monument stands on the east side of Davenport Park, a city park south of downtown Bangor, near the corner of Main and Cedar Streets. It is approached from Main Street via a path lined by plantings, with benches nearby. The monument is triangular in shape, with 12 ft sides, and is mounted on a plinth of granite. The monument is composed of blocks of ashlar granite, and is capped by a slightly projecting cornice. The overall effect is that of the prow of a ship. Affixed to the leading edge are the shields and scrolls of the USS Maine. The memorial is topped by a bronze light standard with an eagle at its crown. The plinth has a bronze plaque bearing the following inscription:</p><br>
<p>To the memory of the soldiers and sailor of the Spanish–American War 1989. Shield and scrolls recovered from wreckage of USS Maine blown up Havana Harbor, Cuba February 15, A.D. 1898. Erected by the city of Bangor, A.D. 1922</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The USS Maine was an armored cruiser of the United States Navy, and was the first US Navy vessel named after the state of Maine. She was sent in January 1898 to Havana, Cuba as a precautionary measure to ensure the safety of Americans in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence. On February 15, 1898, an explosion (whose cause continues to be debated) aboard the ship resulted in its rapid sinking, and the loss of three-quarters of its crew. This event greatly heightened tensions that led directly to the outbreak of the Spanish–American War.</p><br>
<p>Elements of the ship were recovered during salvage operations in 1912, a number of which now appear in monuments and memorials to the war. Bangor Mayor Flavius O. Beal and Congressman Frank E. Guernsey successfully lobbied for the citys receipt of the ships shield and scrolls, which were to become the focus of the city&#39;s monument. A committee formed in 1917 to identify a location for the memorial selected the Post Office Mall, and design work was commissioned. The work languished until 1920, when a city employee sold the ship relics for scrap. The city recovered most of them, and the act spurred renewed action. A new site in Davenport Park was selected, and the design was produced by Edwin S. Kent, a local architect. The memorial was constructed at a cost of $5,300, and was dedicated on October 17, 1922.</p><br>
<p>Other public memorials to the Maine and the war in the state include one of the ship&#39;s cannons at Fort Allen Park in Portland, and a recovered projectile in Lewiston. The principal national memorial to the Maine is the USS Maine National Monument in New York City.</p><br>
<p>The Paine Neighborhood Historic District of Standish, Maine encompasses a small collection of rural properties that were all developed within a short period of time by members of the Paine family. Included are three late 18th-century houses and the family cemetery. The area provides a view of early settlement patterns in Maine&#39;s interior. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>In about 1780 four Paine brothers left Eastham, Massachusetts, and settled in the area that is now Gorham and Standish, Maine. One of them, Joseph, settled on the Pequawket Trail (now Maine State Route 113), the major historic route from coastal southern Maine to the Fryeburg area, on the northeast side of Watchic Pond. Although his early home no longer stands, four sons all built houses in the 1790s, three of which still stand along Route 113, along with the family cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The family cemetery is located on the north side of Route 113. To its east stands the house of Myrick Paine, a two story wood frame structure with a hip roof and four chimneys. To its west is that of Richard Paine, a 1-1/2 story Cape style house with an attached single-story wing. South of the road, roughly opposite Richards house, is the house of Joseph Paine, Jr. It is similar to Richards, except that it is connected to a barn. All three houses were built 1795–97, and remained in the hands of Paine descendants into the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Bartlett Roundhouse is a historic railroad service facility in Bartlett, New Hampshire. Located just south of United States Route 302 and east of Pine Street, it consists of a multibay service building and the remains of a 56 ft railroad turntable which provide access to the service bays. Built in 1887-88, it is a reminder of the historic importance of the railroad in the local economy. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bartlett Roundhouse stands on the west side of Bartlett village, a short way east of the crossing of United States Route 302 and the railroad tracks of the Maine Central Railroad. It is a tall single-story wood-frame structure, in an arched configuration with four service bay entrances on the east side. Its exterior is finished in wooden clapboards and it is covered by a flat roof. The area in front of the service bays contains the foundational remnants of a railroad turntable.</p><br>
<p>The roundhouse was built in 1887-88 by the Portland and Ogdensburg Railway, as a service point for extra steam locomotives needed to power trains up the steep grades of Crawford Notch. It was then sold to the state, which used it as a sand and storage shed until the 1980s. It is now undergoing restoration by a local non-profit organization.</p><br>
<p>The Rollinsford Grade School is a historic school building at 487 Locust Street in Rollinsford, New Hampshire. Opened in 1937, and still in use as an elementary school, it was the first school building commissioned by the prominent Durham firm Huddleston & Hersey, whose principal, Eric Huddleston, designed many buildings in the University of New Hampshire campus. The grounds of the school are also notable as the burial site of Obo II, considered the father of the American Cocker Spaniel breed of dog. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Rollinsford Grade School stands in a residential area south of Rollinsford&#39;s town center, at the junction of Locust and Willey streets. The school is a two-story structure, built with a steel frame with walls of brick. It is Colonial Revival in style, with a particularly fine entrance surround. Modern aluminum-and-glass doors are flanked by Corinthian pilasters, and topped by a transom window and arched pediment. Its gable roof is topped by a functional cupola, a signature element of its architect, Eric Huddleston. The original main block is extended to the rear by two additions, made in 1965 and 1998. The interior retains most of its original finishes.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the schools construction the property was used for agriculture. It was built in 1936 to consolidate the towns village school and two district schoolhouses into a single location. It was designed by Huddleston & Hersey of nearby Durham. It was the first major school commission of that firm, serving as a prototype for numerous schools and civic buildings in southeastern New Hampshire and southwestern Maine. It was one of two buildings in the town built with funding support from the Public Works Administration, a New Deal jobs program. Although it initially housed grades one through eight, it now houses grade one through six. Students in the higher grades are sent to the schools of adjacent towns.</p><br>
<p>Near the rear of the grounds of the school is the grave of Obo II. It consists of a marble marker set on a granite plinth. The marker is engraved with the following inscription: "Obo II / A.K.C. Number 4911 / Died January 2, 1895".</p><br>
